Panayiotopoulos Syndrome in a 3 Year Old Child

Panayiotopoulos Syndrome in a 3 Year grey-haired Child Benign occipital epilepsy of churlishness -Panayiotopoulos syndrome- in a 3 year old childMenon Narayanankutty Sunilkumar *, Vadakut Krishnan ParvathyDepartment of Pediatrics, Amala Institute of medical Sciences, Amala Nagar, Thrissur-680 555, Kerala, IndiaM N Sunil KumarV K ParvathyRunning title Panayiotopoulos syndrome in a 3 year old childManuscript pillowcase slipperiness study* Author for correspondence,Dr. Menon Narayanankutty SunilkumarABSTRACTPanayiotopoulos syndrome (PS) is a relatively frequent and gracious epileptic syndrome seen in children in the age group of 3-6 years and is characterised by predominantly involuntary tokens and/or simple motor focal gaining controls followed or not by impairment of brain. Although multifocal spikes with high amplitude sharp-slow wave complexes at mingled locations can be indicate in the encephalogram, interictal electroencephalogram (EEG) in children with this particul ar display case of epilepsy characteristically shows occipital spikes. This syndrome has known to be a masquerader and can imitate gastroenteritis, encephalitis, syncope, migraine, kip disorders or metabolic diseases. In the absence of thorough knowledge of types of benign epilepsy syndromes and their various clinical exhibits, epilepsy such as PS can be easily missed. The peculiar aspects of this type of epilepsy in children should be known not all by paediatricians entirely also by general gets because a correct diagnosis would eliminate war-ridden interventions and concerns on ac front of its benign outcome. In this case study, we report a case of PS in a 3 year old child.Keywords Benign occipital epilepsy, Panayiotopoulos syndrome, Autonomic symptoms, Emesis, EEGI NTRO DUCTIONThe global fusion Against Epilepsy in their expert consensus has given due importance for the various benign childhood seizures which make good prognosis.1 PS is a park idiopathic childhood- specific seizure disorder formally recognized by the fusion and is included in the category of benign epilepsy syndromes and is recognized worldwide for its involuntary presentations.2,3 This early-onset benign childhood seizures was described by Panayiotopoulos.4 . It has been defined by Panayiotopoulos as consisting of draft, infrequent attacks or prolonged consideration epilepticus and characterized by ictal dispute of the eyes and/or head and vomit up, travel byring in children usually between the ages of 3 and 7 years.5Seizures ar usually followed by postictal headache and argon frequently associated with interictal occipital rhythmic paroxysmal EEG activity that appears only aft(prenominal) eye closure.5 The PS has excellent prognosis and p arnts can be definitely reassured rough its benign course 4,6,7,8,9. The jeopardize of exploitation seizure disorder in later life is negligible 6. contracting of occipital epilepsy at genuinely early stage is needed to su ccessfully treat this condition and allay the fears of the parents and care givers of these children with PS.In this case report, we discuss slightly the occipital epilepsy in a 3 year old young lady child.CASE REPORTA 3-year-old girl, only sibling from a shortsighted socioeconomic family of a non-consanguineous couple, presented in the Out-patient Department of Paediatrics, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, with complaints of get limp after sudden episode of spue, followed by uprolling of eyes, stiffening of the twain upper limbs and lower limbs and a brief period of drowsiness.The child was jubilantly playing in the house about half an hour back.There was no associated fever,trauma,ear discharge ,no common paediatric illnesses equal diarrhea,dysuria,cough,running nose,wheezing,throat pain.A detailed autobiography was taken. The child was born of a non-consanguinous parents,fullterm usual vaginal delivery,with a nascency weight of 2.215 kg. She was i mmunized to date and had normal milest one(a)s of development.The history revealed that she had similar episodes of excrete especially getting up from quietude and having deflexion of eyes to one side,becoming limp and followed by drowsiness for few minutes in the prehistoric from the age of 1 years old. Overall she had 5-6 such episodes and 3 times she had these episodes when she was sleeping.There was no associated fever during these episodes. Two times she had stiffening of all the limbs with deviance of eyes to one side,and followed by drowsiness. There was no focal type of seizures in this child. The parents attributed these to indigestion and gave home remedies as always there was puke and tiredness following the episodes.The child then used to play nearly normally. One month back the child was seen by a local doctor who advised EEG and it was make which was reported as normal and parents were advised follow up.The child on admission was tired, but was conscious. On tryout,she was afebrile,signs of meningeal irritation were absent, central nervous organization examination was normal,neurocutaneous markers were absent,fundus examination was normal. Other systemic examinations were normal.Laboratory investigations showed hemoglobin (11.7 g/dl) with low indices, total leucocyte count (11,550/cumm), neutrophils (75%), lymphocytes (22%), platelets (210000/l), ESR (35mm at1 hr),serum calcium(10 mg%),SGPT(28mg/dl),serum electrolytes levels were normal.EEG was done( watch- 1A and B) and reported as symmetrically distributed normal sleep activities,with activation of rare sharp wave discharges arising from the unexpended occipital region.An perk up record could not be obtained. The diagnosis of PS was made found on the clinical history and EEG which showed the predominantly occipital spikes. She was started on carbamazepine with increasing the dose schedule to her required weight. The child did not collapse any allergic reaction to the drug and did not progress autonomic instability. She and her parents were given excellent emotional and pschycological supportive care,After completion of 5 sidereal days of observation for her symptoms and any allergy to the she was discharged on day 6 with improvement in clinical conditions on multivitamins, hematinics and deworming drugs with an advice to follow-up . watchwordPS described by Panayiotopoulos4 is a common autonomic childhood epileptic syndrome with a significant clinical, pathophysiological characteristics and is multifocal.10 PS is now formally recognized as a distinct clinical entity within the spectrum of benign focal epilepsies of childhood.11 PS affects 13% of children aged 3 to 6 years who rush had 1 or more afebrile seizures and 6% of such children are in the 1- to 15-year age group.6,7,12. Autonomic epileptic seizures and autonomic status epilepticus are the cardinal manifestations of Panayiotopoulos syndrome.12. The main aspect of PS is that irrespective of their lo cation at onset, there is activation of autonomic disturbances and emesis, to which children are particularly conquerable. These symptoms and pattern of autonomic seizures and autonomic status epilepticus in PS do not occur in adults and are very specific to childhood. 12PS is often confused with occipital epilepsy and acute non-epileptic disorders such as encephalitis, syncope, cyclic vomiting or a usual migraine in time with characteristic clinical and EEG manifestations. 13 The clinical and EEG features of PS is due to a a maturation-related diffuse cortical hyperexcitability 4,6. This diffuse epileptogenicitywhich may be unequally distributed,is predominating in one area of the brain , and is often posterior. The explanation for the characteristic interest group of emetic and the autonomic systems may be attributed to epileptic discharges which are generated at various cortical locations andthis in turn influence the childrens vulnerable emetic centers and the hypothalamus 4, 6. The diagnosis is based entirely on clinical presentation and EEG.12PS has some of the key clinical features which are often present as single, focal seizures with an unusual constellation of autonomic, mainly emetic, symptoms,associated behavioral changes, and sometimes seizure like clinical manifestations such as unilateral deviation of the eyes and convulsions 3,4,7,8,9,13. The emetic triad in PS (nausea,retching, vomiting) culminates in vomiting in 74% of the seizures in others, only nausea or retching occurs, and in a few, vomiting may not be present. Other autonomic manifestations include pallor, , mydriasis or miosis, flushing or cyanosis thermoregulatory and cardiorespiratory alterations. Frequently incontinence of body of water and/or feces, hypersalivation, cephalic sensations, and modifications of intestinal motility are also seen9. fractional of the convulsions end with hemiconvulsions or generalized convulsions. Two thirds occur during sleep as was seen in our child for about three times.. Autonomic status epilepticus enveals then.. The seizures usually shoemakers last for 515 min, but half of them are prolonged, sometimes for hours, constituting autonomic status epilepticus. The patient recovers within a few hours. even after the most severe seizures episodes and status.12An electroencephalogram is the only investigation with aberrant results, usually showing multiple spikes in various brain locations.12Multifocal spikes that tower in the posterior regions characterize the EEG 6.The EEG variability in our child of 3 years is showing the characteristic occipital spikes from the left occipital region. The EEG done 5 months back was normal in our child. PS is the second most frequent benign syndrome of childhood after rolandic epilepsy,which primarily affects 15% of children at a peak onset at age 79 years 1. Another epileptic syndrome categorize with PS and rolandic epilepsy is the Gastaut type childhood occipital epilepsy 2, manifesting wi th frequent and brief ocular seizures. However, this is rare,of uncertain prognosis, and markedly different from PS,despite common interictal EEG manifestations of occipital spikes 6.Occipital spikes in non-epileptic children with defective vision, occipital slow spike-and-wave found in some patients with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, focal epilepsy due to occipital lesions, seizures originating in the temporal lobe secondary to an occipital abnormality, and perplex or basilar migraine must be considered in the differential diagnosis.5There are typical and unorthodox case of PS15,17,18 .Lada et al 15 conducted a retrospective study of 43 patients with PS who were seizure drop out 2 years. In their analysis girls predominated ,as in our child was a girl.. The first seizure was seen in 5 years of age. 86% had emesis as the symptom with the seizures. Seizures during sleep (84%) were more common than those in wakefulness. EEG showed occipital spikes in more than 50% of patients.. Pr ognosis was excellent and 80% children have been set down of seizures for or =2 years as is in a typical case of PS.15 Deerliyurt et al16 did a case series study of patients with PS and postulated that PS is associated with high rates of febrile convulsions, afebrile convulsions/epilepsy, migraine, and breath-holding spells in the patients and families suggested the importance of transmitted factors 17.Febrile seizures are to be considered in the differential diagnosis because the recovery of consciousness from seizure is fast and chequer of the seizure is paramount. uncomplicated usually.18 Ferrie et al. 17 postulated an atypical evolution of PS in a case report.The management of PS is not complicated. Education and knowledge about PS is the cornerstone of management. Control of the seizure is paramount. Prophylactic treatment with antiepileptic drug medication may not be needed for most patients. The emphasis is on treatment of feasible fever and mainly of the underlying illn ess.One third (30%) of the seizures are relatively brief and self-limited. They subside spontaneously within 210min. The other two thirds (70%) have long-lasting seizures(10 min) or status epilepticus (30 min to hours). These should be appropriately and sprucely treated as for status epilepticus19,20. Parents of children with recurrent seizures should be advised to coif the child on its side or stomach on a protected surface and administer a preparation of intravenous rectal benzodiazepine (BZD). In an emergency facility, the childs airway should be unbroken clear, oxygenation maintained, and intravenous or rectal antiepileptic drug (AED) given to baulk the seizure. A BZD is probably the first choice. The great majority with PS do not need AED treatment even if they have long seizures or have more than two recurrences. There is no increased risk of subsequent epilepsy or neurologic deficit. If a child has multiple recurrences (only about 5% exceed 10 seizures) and if the parent s too worried prophylaxis can be given.Continuous prophylaxis consists of daily medication with any AED with proven efficacy in partial(p) seizures.Although there is no evidence of superiority among monotherapy with phenobarbitone, carbamazepine(CBZ), sodium valproate or no treatment in PS, most authors prefer CBZ 14.Our child was started on Oxcarbazepine ,a geomorphological derivative of CBZ with no side effects since last 1 month.Autonomic status epilepticus in the acute stage needs thorough evaluation aggressive treatment may cause iatrogenic complications including cardiorespiratory arrest.12The adverse reactions of the antiepileptic drugs such as severe allergic reactions ,abnormal liverfunction tests and idiosyncratic reaction should be kept in mind and monitored.14The prognosis of PS is excellent 4,6,7-9. The lengthy seizures and status do not have any adverse prognosticative significance, and the risk of developing epilepsy in adult life is probably no more than that of t he general population 6. One third of patients (27%) have a single seizure only, and another half (47%) have two to five seizures. Only 5% have 10 seizures, but outcome is again favorable. forgiveness usually occurs within 1 to 2 years from onset.6.CONCLUSIONPS is a common cause of epilepsy in children and a knowledgeable doctor does not miss it. Physician education of PS and recent guidelines on epilepsy management is vital in detecting PS at very early stage, so further lifesaving interventions can be done and impede delay in the trearment administration. Multiple antiepileptic drugs use is required in only in a small proportion of patients. Seizures in PS, like febrile convulsions, despite their excellent prognosis, are a frightening get under ones skin for the in experienced parents, who often think that their child is dead or dying. Parents of young children should have general information by the family doctor regarding PS. maternal(p) education and a supportive group comp rising the paediatrician, neurologist, nursing staff and the societal worker can help and reassure these distort parents as was done in our child who is doing fine with no recurrence in the last 1 month.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe authors acknowledge the help of Dr Ajith TA, Professor Biochemistry, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Amala Nagar, Thrissur, Kerala during the preparation of the manuscript.REFERENCES Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. 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Epilepsia 199637S7480.Legend to figuresFigure (1A and B) EEG of the child showing the occipital spikes (arrow heads).