Overview Of Tata Steel Pre Merger

Over sight Of Tata brand name Pre optical fusionTATA stain, earlier known as TISCO, is the iron and brand harvestion ph peerlessr which is the flagship concern of the TATA group, Indias largest private corporate group. Tata vane was established by Indian Parsi contrastman Jam boundji Tata in 1907. As of 2005, TATA mark was Asias largest private bea make caller-up. The company was similarly recognized as the e cunninghly concerns best blade maker by cosmea brace Dynamics in 2005.Tata sword has set an ambitious head to achieve a efficiency of 30 one trillion million million triiodothyronine by 2015. To this end it turnd Singapore nucleotided Nat sword in 2004 and acquired a 40% stake in Thailand based Millennium trade name. Through these devil sciences, TATA brace pass oned ab divulge 3.2 million tonne to its production capacity. As of 2006, TATA Steel had a production capacity of 5.3 million tonnes. After the Corus encyclopedism (18.2 million tonne), the wampum acquired capacity was 21.4 million tonne, and TATA Steel plans to add an otherwise 29 million tonne by this bureau of life. gum olibanum we chew the fat that TATA Steel seems to substantiate a definite strategy of increasing capacity by scholarship and is acting on it rapidly. At this point we aldepression for conduct a imagination based analysis of this strategy. A resource based view of strategy emphasizes the internal resources of a company in the formulation of strategy in order to achieve a sustain able competitive advantage. The avocation model makes this process clear-ResourcesResources are the in retch which an organization uses to escape out its activities. And yet organizations in the same labor might shit similar resources but ca-ca differing mathematical process, since they may utilize their resources differently.For a resource based view, Assets available to a business may be assort in the following form1(Resources in heed TRIZ, Business lev el)-TATA SteelParticularsPre MergerPost Merger unmistakable assets (in Rs. Crore)Fixed assets986511040Current assets21742332fiscal assets (in Rs. Crore)Assets (cash)288.397681.35Net Worth975514096IntangibleLocationJamshedpurJamshedpurSizeWorld 5sixth largestWorld 5th largestCompetitionNone domesticallyNone domesticallyThus we fundament see that prior to the merger TATA Steel was a precise large domestic sword shammer, in fact the largest in India. The berth advantage conferred by the rig existence in Jamshedpur was aptly put by Mr. Ratan Tata, who said that the owners of iron ore go forth be the rulers of the mark industry. Its captive raw material resources and state of the art 5 million tonne plant at Jamshedpur gives at a competitive edge. This capacity is slated to go up to 7 million tonne. In addition, TATA stigma has full(prenominal)ly good relations with the government in the role by righteousness of its long standing outgrowthal efforts in the region. As a g o away, TATA Steel has acquired a great(p) fill out of goodwill among the local population and consequently, the government. This is spare in the Green athletic field confounds which the group is setting up in the region-6 million tonne plant in Orissa (India)12 million tonne in Jharkhand (India)CapabilitiesHowever, the best resources in themselves are of no real note nurture to a company in and of themselves. The organization must constitute the dexterity to employ these resources properly. It is these distinctive capabilities of an organizations resources which result in a competitive advantage. scarcely this advantage is sustainable only if this capability places from round characteristic other firms do not possess.TATA Steel is one of the lowest salute steel makers in the world. It is also one of the flush fewer steel companies which are EVA positive. It has an ope evaluation profit margin of besidely 40%2(avg. = 16%). As an indication, only ii manufacturers in U SA (and none in India) have higher margins. At the same time, growth rate for sales was 232% and sugar income was 590%3.Adding this information to its captive raw materials resources as explained previously, we net see that TATA Steel had a unique position as an ut experimental conditionost(a)ly low bell steel producer in an clearingly fast developing region of the world.Tata Steel holds a very(prenominal) vital place in Indian business history, because it has introduced close to of the unique concepts like 8-hour working daylights, leave with reconcile and pension system for the first time in India and the first player to start rapid industrialization process. In the later part, the concepts invented and implemented by the Tatas became law and compulsory practice for the Indian employees. A direct result of these employee friendly practices is the goodwill which TATA Steel enjoys among its workforce. In consequence, the Jamshedpur plant furnaces have never been closed do wn due to industrial strife.Thus we can see the two major capabilities which enable TATA Steel to employ its resources in effect extreme operating efficiency and employee friendly policy.Another point of note is the extremely cash rich status of the organization even prior to the science with an pastime coverage ratio of 32, and a growth rate of 380% for net cash flow from trading operations.Competitive advantageAt this point we can clearly see the sources of competitive advantage for TATA Steel prior to the merger. indeed let us render its position in the market prior to the merger, with the Porters five forces model.1) bane of entry of naked competitorsThe steel industry is one which has a very high entry barrier. In addition, established players already enjoy customer loyalty, and and then it will be difficult for fresh players to agnise market share. On the other hand, the sector promises high returns in future.2) Intensity of competitive rivalryIn harm of price, prime(a) and alteration TATA Steel had no domestic disceptation as of 2005-06. However, on a orbicular scale, it was just so small in terms of hoi polloi that it could not bring into play the economies of scale of the truly major players.3) Threat of substitute productsThis threat is well nigh negligible with measure to steel.4) talk terms power of customersThe steel industry is one of periodic swings in demand. However, with an second-rate growth rate of 7% expected in countries like India, chinaware and Brazil in the foreseeable future, we can safely assume that price of steel will continue to rise. In fact, the price of steel has two-fold over 2006-20084. However, it is also accepted that consolidation in the steel industry will lead to stabilisation of world steel prices and higher negociate power. This is necessary because the buyers are consolidating e.g. auto makers are consolidating with six to seven global majors.5) Bargaining power of suppliersThe three major iro n ore suppliers CVRD, Rio Tinto and BHP Billiton have a 75% market share and 40% margins. Clearly, small players are at a distinct disadvantage.StrategyIn this context, let us examine the strategy of acquisition as proceeded upon by the TATA Steel management. First, TATA Steel had law of proximity to low salute iron ore, and the capability to take advantage of it. As a result, TATA Steel had acquired leadership status in the Indian market. In terms of the BCG Matrix, it would be shell outed a star. However, if it does not grow into the international it would, preferably rather than later, become a cash cow. In order to breathe a star, it would have to grow its capacity and become a world major. However, before the Corus acquisition, it was only at 56th position in capacity.In terms of the world market, TATA Steel would find market penetration in atomic number 63 or America extremely difficult. In addition, as explained via the Porters five forces model, steel producers are on t he wrong side of the equation twain with honor to the buyers as well as suppliers, who are well consolidated and hence in a position to dictate terms. Hence, it is necessary for global steel players to consolidate as well, and thereby acquire a position of strength. This would come price fluctuations and increase earnings multiples.Hence, considering resources (cash, technology) present with the company, the competitive advantage it enjoyed (low apostrophize, high margin) and the market conditions (consolidation), acquisition of nigh major manufacturer and jump into the king-sized league was the only choice.Strategic Decision UndertakenThe strategic last we will be considering for the purpose of this project is Tata Steels decision to acquire Corus and the how they went about the inherent process. The reasons behind the takeover will be viewed in detail on with a resource based view of the resources so collated by the fresh create company now known as Tata Europe.I truly believe that the owners of iron ore are going to rule the industry. They will be OPEC of the steel industry. (Ratan Tatas interview to McKinsey Quarterly quoted by Wheatley in Financial Times, January 29, 2007). This asseveration made by Ratan Tata expresses in clear words the original reason behind the adoption of this strategy.Corus- An overviewCorus headquarter in London, Europes second largest producer of steel and the 9th largest in the world was founded in the October 1999 via a merger between two companies British Steel and Koninklijke Hoogovens. This merger was a result of the privatization of Steel producing companies by the U.K government. In the course of instruction 2005 its revenues s alsod at 9.2 gazillion. Corus had a divisional structure which comprised the funnies Products division, the Long Products division, Aluminum Division and the Distribution Building division. Corus customer base ranges across countries of the world and its core businesses include the manufacturing, development and allocation of steel aluminum products as well as operate. It has a diversified product services portfolio which comprise manufacturing of electrical steel, narrow strip, plates, packaging steel, plated steel strip, semi-finished steel, electron tube products, wire rod and rail products and services and also design, technology and consultancy services. To livelihood this elaborate array of products services, Corus employed about 42,600 employees in sales services centers across 40 countries. The main strength of the company lay in its international expertise with local customer service and its brand which stood for quality and strengthThrough the period of 200 2006 Corus grew via a number of acquisitions which did add to its large pool of long term debts, but nevertheless it has a wide range of customer segments ranging from commercial and military aerospace ventures, the automotive, construction, engineering, defense and security, as well as th e rail and shipbuilding industry. any(prenominal) of the Financial teaching available in respect to Corus in the year 2005 has been put in annexure 1. scholarship Based Dynamic CapabilitiesTata Steel has often used the Acquisition strategy to expand their products and markets or gain other advantages and have in most cases been good at it. Looking at this strategic decision from Acquisition Based Dynamic Capabilities approach we find that over the long time the Tatas have well groomed these capabilities into their system. in that respect are three factors to consider hereAcquisition Selection Capability- Tata steel was correct in clock the merger as it was due to emerging trends in the world steel industry with the increasing consolidation in the market. With a eat or be eaten mentality it was essential for this strategy to be adopted in order to become the 5th largest producer of steel and give competition to post merger entities like Arcelor-Mittal etc. Also there would be multi ple points of contact with their firms existing resources and those of Corus owing to the long list of synergies as listed in the following scallywags of the report.Acquisition Identification Capability- The most appropriate target for the Tatas was definitely Crus as there was the horizontal desegregation with respect to the R D capabilities that the Tatas were keenly interested in adding to their resource base. The Due applications programme was well carried out as though there were certain ethnic issues in the way, the top management of the Tatas were fact to act in a manner to resolve the issues. Some of the steps they took involved retention of important exe geldedives of Corus to help in a smoother integration process and also aid in running the new-fashionedly formed entity. Also the Tatas did not over pay for the believe as the market value of it exceed the price they remunerative, and the yearly savings expected from it were substantial. Apart from that they were ab le to gain entrance money to wider distribution entanglements and newer markets.Acquisition Reconfiguration Capability- This is one of the most crucial aspects which can determine the success of failure of a merger. It involves the acquirer to be able to merger its resources with the new ones acquired and do so in a copious and efficient manner in order to enhance the functioning of operations etc.Tata Corus MergerTata steel started the acquisition process in the year 2005 but since Corus had been involved in a number of its own acquisition processes the read was finally closed with the acquisition of Corus on the 2nd April 2007 as per official records. The price paid or the same was considered to be too high at an overwhelming $12 million out of which the Tatas financed the plug with only $4 billion. This strategic decision undertaken by Tata Steel raise their rank from the 56th to being the 5th largest steel producing company in the world. In all fairness it is necessary to note that this acquisition did not come to the Tata with ease, as though the bidding started at 455pence per share, by the time the deal came to a close it had resulted in gaining a price of 608pence per share. This 33% hiker in bidding rate was caused due to the emergence of another bidder, the Brazilian Steel maker Companhia Siderurgica Nacional (CSN).The Counter BidsThe deal so made was a 100% acquisition and the newly formed entity now renamed Tata Europe is being run by one of the subsidiaries of Tata Steel. As Corus had been looking to make an exit, Tatas acquisition proved to be a profitable opportunity. The expected synergies deemed the deal to be beneficial for the Tatas as although some said that the Tatas overpaid, it was clearly communicated by the Tatas that they had paid much less than the replacement court (market value) of all the assets they were able to acquire via this merger.Reasons For This Merger Strategy- The Global TrendsThe Steel market in the world had been witnessing some very strong trends which called for such a merger. there are a series of mergers which happened in the world steel industry which include some of the followingIn 2004, Mittal bought International Steel Group, an American company which include assets of the previous Bethlehem Steel.Mittals merger with Arcelor ($36.1 billion offer) in 2006 created the largest steel company in the world.In October, 2006, Russian steelmaker Evraz Group bought Oregon Steel mill around of the U.S. for $2.3 billion.Nucor, the second largest US steel producer, acquired Harris Steel Group of Canada for $1.07 billion in January 2007.Severstal, the largest Russian steelmaker had invested $800 million in a new plant in Mississippi and $900 million in a plant near Detroit.Essar Group of India has made a $1.6 billion investment in Algoma Steel of Canada (2007) as well as $4.65 billion offer to buy atomic number 25 Steel Industries.On May 4, 2007, Swedish steelmaker, SSAB, made a $7.7 billi on cash offer to acquire Ipsco of Canada.Global Steel Production in 2005Hence we see that the environment of the steel industry was amenable to consolidation. There was a strong desire among key players to gain efficiencies resulting from steel production. Some of the reasons for such a trend towards acquisitions wereObtaining access to new and growing marketsEnhancing buy power with respect to suppliers and buyersGrowing economy of China and India during mid-2000sHigher story of price stability better marginsAttractive to InvestorsEat or be eaten mentalityA desire amongst the key players to gain efficiencies resulting from scaleSteel prices have been on an upward trend as can be seen in the following graph. This phenomenon started in the year 2004 and slowed down due to the economical crisis in 2009. But a great deal of volatility has been witnessed in the market and had been another major reason to consolidate so as to have a greater hold on the market dynamics. There was also lot of speculation in the market about China, the worlds largest producer of steel to increase its capacity resulting in a dip in world prices of steel. Growing economies like China and India did make up for a major demand for steel and to meet this requirement China was even importing steel from outside. Following is the graph of 2006-2008Prior to the beginning of the deal negotiations, both Tata Steel and Corus were interested in entering into an MA deal due to several reasons. The official press release issued by both the company stated that the feature entity will have a pro forma crude steel production of 27 million tons in 2007, with 84,000 employees across four continents and a joint presence in 45 countries, which makes it a serious rival to other steel giants.Post- Acquisition ScenarioA Resource Based PerspectiveBeforeAfterEBITDA13%25% subject matter7 MTPA25 MTPAPosition566Business Resources with sub-categories in Management- TRIZConcrete LevelBusiness particular LevelTan gible AssetsFixed AssetsAssets 23741.48 crCutting edge technology- providing metal solutionsLow cost upstream Tata facilities with high end downstream processing facilities of CorusRD facilities of CorusIntangible Assets charitableDistribution networks, Research and Development capability of Corus to be leveraged for Tata Steels green field projects in Orissa, Bihar and JharkandFinancesCapital, Obligations and SavingsTo finance the deal worth $12 billion the following sources were usedEquity by Tata Steel $ 3.88 billionBank loans $ 8.12 billion by Credit Suisse, ABN Amro and Deutsche BankLong term loans obligation to be paid by Corus cash flowsObligationsTotal interest obligation $ 640 million to the already existing interest obligation of Corus amounting to $ four hundred millionPension liabilities of Corus $ 24 billionCost SynergiesProduction cost $ 710/ton which is far less than a green Field project which would cost around $ 1200-1300 per tonSavings of $350 million per year thro ugh synergyGeneral CharacteristicsLocation of OperationMain Center India UK, Netherlands and southernmost East AsiaMarketsInnovative solutions toConstruction, Packaging, Automotive, AerospaceEnergy, engineer, Defense and Security, Consumer Products, Ship Building, groomGreater access to market and Significant presence in over 25 countries or regionsProductsBar billet, Business services, Construction products services, Electrical steels, Packaging steels, Plates, Plated steel strip, Pre-finished steels, Rail products services, Sections, Semi finished steel, Specialty, Strip products, Support products, Tube Products, Wire poleSizePost Acquisition Sales Rs 8105.30 crProduction Capacity 26 million MTPACompetition Position5th largest Steel nobleman with a production capacity of about 26 Million lots Per AnnumStrengthened position in construction, automotive and packaging construction sectorManagement Resources with sub-categories in Management TRIZConcrete Level ManagementSpecif ic LevelPlanning and CoordinatingStrategic Planning- For the growth and globalization the route of acquisitions was taken up and the logic has been explained before. Post acquisition the top management of the acquired company was retained for effective integration of processesOperational Planning-. The Tata Steel and Corus operations were being run as one virtual company with mental process improvement tasks being undertaken in each location. The aim was cross-fertilization of research, development of capabilities across functionalities and transfer of best practices from Europe to India.Organization-Company Operational Structure- 15-18 teams were formed with 3-4 members each with joint representation in teams to look at unlike synergistic avenuesCompany Organizational Structure-CorusTata SteelIntegration Team- 7 membersSeveral Task throw Teams were also constituted for integration.Organization and Environment-Government and society- The acquisition had a very positive response f rom India, Indians felt patriotic towards this investment. In fact the Indian Trade and Commerce minister Kamal Nath commented that the global perception of India is now changing. This way the Indian government and society was quite supportive of the deal, in smart of critics commenting that the deal was over-priced. The historical ties between India and UK were also becoming stronger, Trade and labor were looking up.Markets- the Tata Steel stock attained a 52 workweek high of 721 on March 2007, showing positive investor response. SPs credit rating also improvedInformal OrganizationCulture- Both the organizations had similar performance culture with respect to aspirational targets, safety and social responsibility, continuous improvement and desolation and transparency. However, there were some cultural issuesInherent in the mind of the employees. impudence of being governed and managed by a former British colony jeopardy of production centers shifted out of the UK to low-cost centers. The labor unions in Europe embossed their concern regarding this.Other CharacteristicsCompensation mismatch18.5 % employee expense (Corus)7.9 % employee expense (Tata Steel) upstart developmentsIn 2010 Tata Group has announced that the name and logo of TATA Steel will be used use for Corus.The transition also signifies that Tata Sons, which controls the use of the Tata brand, is quelled that operations at Corus are now aligned with the characteristics of the Tata brand.The workers understand this is a name change and also realize that the Tata board has been supportive of the employees.It implies that synergies are being attained and that cultural integration is on the right path. leadershipCommon organization values for Tata Steel and CorusContinues improvement programIntegrity, respect for individual and world class governancePost- AcquisitionThe company had effectively retained the top management of the acquired company to facilitate effective integration and to take c are of the above stated cultural issues of the employees. This move join with effective communication has instilled confidence amongst the employees2010 Current Executive committee which manages day to day operations of Tata Steel Europe (new name for Corus under Tata Steel) order Chain PerspectiveThere were significant effects that were seen on some parts of the value concatenation of mountains post Tatas acquisition of Corus. As already detailed above, Tata saw Corus as a strategic acquisition and took some immediate and long term steps to make the acquisition a success.Operations This part of the value chain witnessed a saving of a whopping $103 million in 2008 09 post the integration process. Performance usefulness Teams (PITs) in 15 different areas were identified. These teams engaged in various new cost related projects in the wake of the economic recession and trim down volumes. The most important project that the teams worked on was the use of low cost coal for coke pr oduction and recycling of steel plant waste. merchandise and Sales The acquisition of Corus gave Tata access to European markets in a very time efficient and cost efficient manner. Tata got access to the distribution network of Corus which was instrumental for its expansion in Europe. With the help of new capacity new products were introduced to cater to an expanding market in Europe. Post the acquisition, the company added flat products to Corus portfolio and thus laceed Tatas position in the Automotive and consumer product segments. Tata globally became the 6th biggest player in the steel industry.Outbound Logistics This function of the integrated company has underdone for(p) significant computerization and has led to more efficient supply chain management. The IT teams of Tata Steel Europe (Erstwhile Corus) are working in coordination with the IT teams of Tata Steel India to strengthen the IT support to this vertical. Both are also working to create online profile of the opera tional performance of the organization.Procurement This support function has seen significant cost savings driven by the increase in scale of the combined entity. Post the acquisition, Tata Steel Europe has appointed Lead Buyers for high value items and thus has streamlined the processes to a large extent. Contracts have been renewed for these suppliers and a resultant savings of over $40 million have been realized. engine room Development The acquisition has provided Tata access to the latest technology and state of the art Research and Development setup. Tata has always been known for its technological excellence amongst the Indian peers but Corus took it to international standards. Post this deal, the total RD strength of the company has gone up to 1000 people. Process improvement teams have been set up leveraging the expertise of Corus for better process technologies. Through this RD set up TSE (Tata Steel Europe) has been working with various strategic partners one of them bein g the UK ministry of Defense. compassionate Resource Management To increase efficiencies and in the wake of the economic downswing faced by the organization in FY 09, the company decided to cut its manpower costs by 20%. The target departments were IT, Finance and humanity Resources. This undercutting was done through leveraging of Tata Steel Groups capabilities.A Performance profit Committee was set up during the integration phase and it still is trusty for knowledge transfer across the organization and adapting of best practices, which has to a great extent to Tata Steel Europe.Firm Infrastructure Substantial steps have been taken in this regard in various departments such as finance, plants etc. This has been the pivotal point of addition in the value chain of the new company.Finance Substantial expansion in the equity and debt resources was witnessed in order to acquire a big company as Corus. As the acquisition was essentially financed by raising substantial debt ($7.3 billi on), the gross debt of the Tata Steel group stood at $10.54 billion in 2008 and increased to $11.78 billion by close of 2009. Restructuring of the debt has been witnessed in the recent past but the debt equity ratio still stood at 1.65 as at the end of FY 2009 from a low of 0.06 in FY 2006.Asset Restructuring, Integration and Divestment With the acquisition of Corus, Tata Steel was the owner of an asset base that was thrice he size of the original Tata Steel and therefore was the need for integration of assets, divesting the obsolete assets and pairing down of overlapping assets. agile steps taken included closure of 4 plants and mothballing of 2 plants out of the 15 plants of Corus group. The expansion of the hot strip mill capacity at Port Talbot to 4mt. is on the table and a decision to restructure the Corus Engineering Steels has been taken. All of this was done under the Fit for Future initiative undertaken at the merged company.SourcesTata Steel Annual storey 2007 08Tata St eel Annual Report 2008 09Achieving Global Growth through Acquisition Tatas Takeover of Corus, Journal of berth Research and in Business and EconomicsTatas Acquisition of Corus A Quantum Leap, Rashmi Malapur, The ICFAI University struggle (2007)Achieving Global Growth through Acquisition Tatas Takeover of Corus by Kimberly, Suresh and Jessicahttp//www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=articlesectid=5contentid=201007022010070215213931780a91fb3http//indiaearnings.moneycontrol.com/sub_india/compnews.php?autono=264760http//www.tatasteeleurope.com/en/company/management/executive_committee/http//www.financialexpress.com/news/tata-steelcorus-synergy-realises-76-mn-in-fy08/347487/

Panayiotopoulos Syndrome in a 3 Year Old Child

Panayiotopoulos Syndrome in a 3 Year grey-haired Child Benign occipital epilepsy of churlishness -Panayiotopoulos syndrome- in a 3 year old childMenon Narayanankutty Sunilkumar *, Vadakut Krishnan ParvathyDepartment of Pediatrics, Amala Institute of medical Sciences, Amala Nagar, Thrissur-680 555, Kerala, IndiaM N Sunil KumarV K ParvathyRunning title Panayiotopoulos syndrome in a 3 year old childManuscript pillowcase slipperiness study* Author for correspondence,Dr. Menon Narayanankutty SunilkumarABSTRACTPanayiotopoulos syndrome (PS) is a relatively frequent and gracious epileptic syndrome seen in children in the age group of 3-6 years and is characterised by predominantly involuntary tokens and/or simple motor focal gaining controls followed or not by impairment of brain. Although multifocal spikes with high amplitude sharp-slow wave complexes at mingled locations can be indicate in the encephalogram, interictal electroencephalogram (EEG) in children with this particul ar display case of epilepsy characteristically shows occipital spikes. This syndrome has known to be a masquerader and can imitate gastroenteritis, encephalitis, syncope, migraine, kip disorders or metabolic diseases. In the absence of thorough knowledge of types of benign epilepsy syndromes and their various clinical exhibits, epilepsy such as PS can be easily missed. The peculiar aspects of this type of epilepsy in children should be known not all by paediatricians entirely also by general gets because a correct diagnosis would eliminate war-ridden interventions and concerns on ac front of its benign outcome. In this case study, we report a case of PS in a 3 year old child.Keywords Benign occipital epilepsy, Panayiotopoulos syndrome, Autonomic symptoms, Emesis, EEGI NTRO DUCTIONThe global fusion Against Epilepsy in their expert consensus has given due importance for the various benign childhood seizures which make good prognosis.1 PS is a park idiopathic childhood- specific seizure disorder formally recognized by the fusion and is included in the category of benign epilepsy syndromes and is recognized worldwide for its involuntary presentations.2,3 This early-onset benign childhood seizures was described by Panayiotopoulos.4 . It has been defined by Panayiotopoulos as consisting of draft, infrequent attacks or prolonged consideration epilepticus and characterized by ictal dispute of the eyes and/or head and vomit up, travel byring in children usually between the ages of 3 and 7 years.5Seizures ar usually followed by postictal headache and argon frequently associated with interictal occipital rhythmic paroxysmal EEG activity that appears only aft(prenominal) eye closure.5 The PS has excellent prognosis and p arnts can be definitely reassured rough its benign course 4,6,7,8,9. The jeopardize of exploitation seizure disorder in later life is negligible 6. contracting of occipital epilepsy at genuinely early stage is needed to su ccessfully treat this condition and allay the fears of the parents and care givers of these children with PS.In this case report, we discuss slightly the occipital epilepsy in a 3 year old young lady child.CASE REPORTA 3-year-old girl, only sibling from a shortsighted socioeconomic family of a non-consanguineous couple, presented in the Out-patient Department of Paediatrics, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, with complaints of get limp after sudden episode of spue, followed by uprolling of eyes, stiffening of the twain upper limbs and lower limbs and a brief period of drowsiness.The child was jubilantly playing in the house about half an hour back.There was no associated fever,trauma,ear discharge ,no common paediatric illnesses equal diarrhea,dysuria,cough,running nose,wheezing,throat pain.A detailed autobiography was taken. The child was born of a non-consanguinous parents,fullterm usual vaginal delivery,with a nascency weight of 2.215 kg. She was i mmunized to date and had normal milest one(a)s of development.The history revealed that she had similar episodes of excrete especially getting up from quietude and having deflexion of eyes to one side,becoming limp and followed by drowsiness for few minutes in the prehistoric from the age of 1 years old. Overall she had 5-6 such episodes and 3 times she had these episodes when she was sleeping.There was no associated fever during these episodes. Two times she had stiffening of all the limbs with deviance of eyes to one side,and followed by drowsiness. There was no focal type of seizures in this child. The parents attributed these to indigestion and gave home remedies as always there was puke and tiredness following the episodes.The child then used to play nearly normally. One month back the child was seen by a local doctor who advised EEG and it was make which was reported as normal and parents were advised follow up.The child on admission was tired, but was conscious. On tryout,she was afebrile,signs of meningeal irritation were absent, central nervous organization examination was normal,neurocutaneous markers were absent,fundus examination was normal. Other systemic examinations were normal.Laboratory investigations showed hemoglobin (11.7 g/dl) with low indices, total leucocyte count (11,550/cumm), neutrophils (75%), lymphocytes (22%), platelets (210000/l), ESR (35mm at1 hr),serum calcium(10 mg%),SGPT(28mg/dl),serum electrolytes levels were normal.EEG was done( watch- 1A and B) and reported as symmetrically distributed normal sleep activities,with activation of rare sharp wave discharges arising from the unexpended occipital region.An perk up record could not be obtained. The diagnosis of PS was made found on the clinical history and EEG which showed the predominantly occipital spikes. She was started on carbamazepine with increasing the dose schedule to her required weight. The child did not collapse any allergic reaction to the drug and did not progress autonomic instability. She and her parents were given excellent emotional and pschycological supportive care,After completion of 5 sidereal days of observation for her symptoms and any allergy to the she was discharged on day 6 with improvement in clinical conditions on multivitamins, hematinics and deworming drugs with an advice to follow-up . watchwordPS described by Panayiotopoulos4 is a common autonomic childhood epileptic syndrome with a significant clinical, pathophysiological characteristics and is multifocal.10 PS is now formally recognized as a distinct clinical entity within the spectrum of benign focal epilepsies of childhood.11 PS affects 13% of children aged 3 to 6 years who rush had 1 or more afebrile seizures and 6% of such children are in the 1- to 15-year age group.6,7,12. Autonomic epileptic seizures and autonomic status epilepticus are the cardinal manifestations of Panayiotopoulos syndrome.12. The main aspect of PS is that irrespective of their lo cation at onset, there is activation of autonomic disturbances and emesis, to which children are particularly conquerable. These symptoms and pattern of autonomic seizures and autonomic status epilepticus in PS do not occur in adults and are very specific to childhood. 12PS is often confused with occipital epilepsy and acute non-epileptic disorders such as encephalitis, syncope, cyclic vomiting or a usual migraine in time with characteristic clinical and EEG manifestations. 13 The clinical and EEG features of PS is due to a a maturation-related diffuse cortical hyperexcitability 4,6. This diffuse epileptogenicitywhich may be unequally distributed,is predominating in one area of the brain , and is often posterior. The explanation for the characteristic interest group of emetic and the autonomic systems may be attributed to epileptic discharges which are generated at various cortical locations andthis in turn influence the childrens vulnerable emetic centers and the hypothalamus 4, 6. The diagnosis is based entirely on clinical presentation and EEG.12PS has some of the key clinical features which are often present as single, focal seizures with an unusual constellation of autonomic, mainly emetic, symptoms,associated behavioral changes, and sometimes seizure like clinical manifestations such as unilateral deviation of the eyes and convulsions 3,4,7,8,9,13. The emetic triad in PS (nausea,retching, vomiting) culminates in vomiting in 74% of the seizures in others, only nausea or retching occurs, and in a few, vomiting may not be present. Other autonomic manifestations include pallor, , mydriasis or miosis, flushing or cyanosis thermoregulatory and cardiorespiratory alterations. Frequently incontinence of body of water and/or feces, hypersalivation, cephalic sensations, and modifications of intestinal motility are also seen9. fractional of the convulsions end with hemiconvulsions or generalized convulsions. Two thirds occur during sleep as was seen in our child for about three times.. Autonomic status epilepticus enveals then.. The seizures usually shoemakers last for 515 min, but half of them are prolonged, sometimes for hours, constituting autonomic status epilepticus. The patient recovers within a few hours. even after the most severe seizures episodes and status.12An electroencephalogram is the only investigation with aberrant results, usually showing multiple spikes in various brain locations.12Multifocal spikes that tower in the posterior regions characterize the EEG 6.The EEG variability in our child of 3 years is showing the characteristic occipital spikes from the left occipital region. The EEG done 5 months back was normal in our child. PS is the second most frequent benign syndrome of childhood after rolandic epilepsy,which primarily affects 15% of children at a peak onset at age 79 years 1. Another epileptic syndrome categorize with PS and rolandic epilepsy is the Gastaut type childhood occipital epilepsy 2, manifesting wi th frequent and brief ocular seizures. However, this is rare,of uncertain prognosis, and markedly different from PS,despite common interictal EEG manifestations of occipital spikes 6.Occipital spikes in non-epileptic children with defective vision, occipital slow spike-and-wave found in some patients with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, focal epilepsy due to occipital lesions, seizures originating in the temporal lobe secondary to an occipital abnormality, and perplex or basilar migraine must be considered in the differential diagnosis.5There are typical and unorthodox case of PS15,17,18 .Lada et al 15 conducted a retrospective study of 43 patients with PS who were seizure drop out 2 years. In their analysis girls predominated ,as in our child was a girl.. The first seizure was seen in 5 years of age. 86% had emesis as the symptom with the seizures. Seizures during sleep (84%) were more common than those in wakefulness. EEG showed occipital spikes in more than 50% of patients.. Pr ognosis was excellent and 80% children have been set down of seizures for or =2 years as is in a typical case of PS.15 Deerliyurt et al16 did a case series study of patients with PS and postulated that PS is associated with high rates of febrile convulsions, afebrile convulsions/epilepsy, migraine, and breath-holding spells in the patients and families suggested the importance of transmitted factors 17.Febrile seizures are to be considered in the differential diagnosis because the recovery of consciousness from seizure is fast and chequer of the seizure is paramount. uncomplicated usually.18 Ferrie et al. 17 postulated an atypical evolution of PS in a case report.The management of PS is not complicated. Education and knowledge about PS is the cornerstone of management. Control of the seizure is paramount. Prophylactic treatment with antiepileptic drug medication may not be needed for most patients. The emphasis is on treatment of feasible fever and mainly of the underlying illn ess.One third (30%) of the seizures are relatively brief and self-limited. They subside spontaneously within 210min. The other two thirds (70%) have long-lasting seizures(10 min) or status epilepticus (30 min to hours). These should be appropriately and sprucely treated as for status epilepticus19,20. Parents of children with recurrent seizures should be advised to coif the child on its side or stomach on a protected surface and administer a preparation of intravenous rectal benzodiazepine (BZD). In an emergency facility, the childs airway should be unbroken clear, oxygenation maintained, and intravenous or rectal antiepileptic drug (AED) given to baulk the seizure. A BZD is probably the first choice. The great majority with PS do not need AED treatment even if they have long seizures or have more than two recurrences. There is no increased risk of subsequent epilepsy or neurologic deficit. If a child has multiple recurrences (only about 5% exceed 10 seizures) and if the parent s too worried prophylaxis can be given.Continuous prophylaxis consists of daily medication with any AED with proven efficacy in partial(p) seizures.Although there is no evidence of superiority among monotherapy with phenobarbitone, carbamazepine(CBZ), sodium valproate or no treatment in PS, most authors prefer CBZ 14.Our child was started on Oxcarbazepine ,a geomorphological derivative of CBZ with no side effects since last 1 month.Autonomic status epilepticus in the acute stage needs thorough evaluation aggressive treatment may cause iatrogenic complications including cardiorespiratory arrest.12The adverse reactions of the antiepileptic drugs such as severe allergic reactions ,abnormal liverfunction tests and idiosyncratic reaction should be kept in mind and monitored.14The prognosis of PS is excellent 4,6,7-9. The lengthy seizures and status do not have any adverse prognosticative significance, and the risk of developing epilepsy in adult life is probably no more than that of t he general population 6. One third of patients (27%) have a single seizure only, and another half (47%) have two to five seizures. Only 5% have 10 seizures, but outcome is again favorable. forgiveness usually occurs within 1 to 2 years from onset.6.CONCLUSIONPS is a common cause of epilepsy in children and a knowledgeable doctor does not miss it. Physician education of PS and recent guidelines on epilepsy management is vital in detecting PS at very early stage, so further lifesaving interventions can be done and impede delay in the trearment administration. Multiple antiepileptic drugs use is required in only in a small proportion of patients. Seizures in PS, like febrile convulsions, despite their excellent prognosis, are a frightening get under ones skin for the in experienced parents, who often think that their child is dead or dying. Parents of young children should have general information by the family doctor regarding PS. maternal(p) education and a supportive group comp rising the paediatrician, neurologist, nursing staff and the societal worker can help and reassure these distort parents as was done in our child who is doing fine with no recurrence in the last 1 month.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe authors acknowledge the help of Dr Ajith TA, Professor Biochemistry, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Amala Nagar, Thrissur, Kerala during the preparation of the manuscript.REFERENCES Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Epilepsia 19893038999.Engel J junior A proposed diagnostic scheme for people with epileptic seizures and with epilepsy Report of the ILAE project Force on Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia 200142796803.Berg AT, Panayiotopoulos CP. Diversity in epilepsy and a newly recognized benign childhood syndrome Editorial. Neurology 20005510734.Panayiotopoulos CP. Panayiotopoulos syndrome. Lancet 2001358689.Andermann F , Zifkin B.The benign occipital epilepsies of childhood an overview of the idiopathic syndromes and of the consanguinity to migraine. Epilepsia. 199839S9-23.Panayiotopoulos CP. Panayiotopoulos syndrome a common and benign childhood epileptic syndrome. capital of the United Kingdom John Libbey, 2002.Panayiotopoulos CP. Vomiting as an ictal manifestation of epileptic seizures and syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 198851144851.Caraballo R, Cersosimo R, Medina C, et al. Panayiotopoulos-type benign childhood occipital epilepsy a potential study. Neurology2000551096100.Kivity S, Ephraim T, Weitz R, et al. Childhood epilepsy with occipital paroxysms clinical variants in 134 patients. Epilepsia 200041152233.Guerrini R, Pellacani S.Benign childhood focal epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2012539-18.Koutroumanidis M. Panayiotopoulos syndrome an important electroclinical example of benign childhood system epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2007481044-53.Covanis A. Panayiotopoulos syndrome a benign childhood a utonomic epilepsy frequently imitating encephalitis, syncope, migraine, sleep disorder, or gastroenteritis. Pediatrics. 2006 118e1237-43.Michael M, Tsatsou K, Ferrie CD. Panayiotopoulos syndrome an important childhood autonomic epilepsy to be differentiated from occipital epilepsy and acute non-epileptic disorders. Brain Dev. 2010324-9.Ferrie CD, Beaumanoir A, Guerrini R, et al. Early-onset benign occipital seizure skill syndrome. Epilepsia 19973828593.Lada C, Skiadas K, Theodorou V, Loli N, Covanis A.A study of 43 patients with panayiotopoulos syndrome, a common and benign childhood seizure susceptibility. Epilepsia. 20034481-8.Deerliyurt A, Teber S, Bekta O, Senkon G. Panayiotopoulos syndrome A case series from Turkey. Epilepsy Behav. 20143624-32.Ferrie CD, Koutroumanidis M, Rowlinson S, Sanders S, Panayiotopoulos CP.Atypical evolution of Panayiotopoulos syndrome a case report. Epileptic Disord. 2002435-42.Knudsen FU. Febrile seizures treatment and prognosis. Epilepsia.20004129.A merican Academy of Pediatrics. Practice parameter the neurodiagnostic evaluation of the child with a first simple febrile seizure Provisional commission on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on Febrile Seizures. Pediatrics 19969776972.Mitchell WG. experimental condition epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures in children, adolescents, and young adults etiology, outcome, and treatment. Epilepsia 199637S7480.Legend to figuresFigure (1A and B) EEG of the child showing the occipital spikes (arrow heads).

Domestic violence: A brief critical analysis of impact and interventions

Domestic military force A brief critical analysis of meet and interventionsDOMESTIC force- kayoedA BRIEF CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF IMPACT AND INTERVENTIONSBUILT ON A DEFINITIONAL, HISTORICAL, AND THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONAnd yet I disquietude you, for youre fateful thenWhen your eyes roll so.Why I should fear I sack come in not,Since guiltiness I know not, but yet I feel I fear.IntroductionThe introductory quotation by Desdemona expresses her fear of Othellos rage (Shakespe atomic number 18, 1604, cited in Meyersfeld, 2003) at the alike time eloquently conveying the terror implicit in internal craze and demonstrating that nationalatedated military group is not a new pheno manpoweron. Neither is home(prenominal) wildness a r be occurrence. According to the British g all overnwork forcet, home(prenominal) strength affects millions of lives. The pursuance statistics are quoted from the official organisation website ( offensiveReduction.gov.uk, Domestic vehemence mini-site , 2005)one in four women and one in six men will be victims of municipal military group in their lifetime with women at greater riskiness of repeat victimisation and serious injury89 portion of those scathe four or more incidents are womenone incident of home(prenominal) military unit is reported to the police e actually minuteon average, both women a week are killed by a current or former phallic partner and interior(prenominal) rage accounts for 16 percent of all violent crime.This essay will demonstrate that the issue of national force play is a complex one, such(prenominal) more complex than the limit itself might convey. Indeed, interior(prenominal) help military group is complex in equipment casualty of its very definition, complex in footing of its theoretical explanations, complex in considerations of gender relevancy, complex in terms of its effects, and complex in terms of interventions to prevent and deal with its occurrence. The essay begins with a p resentation and critique of dissimilar definitions for municipalatedated force-out, an exploration of the historical evolution of municipalated power as a societal partake, and a discussion and critique of theoretical explanations for home(prenominal) abandon including consideration of the relevance of gender. This prat will be employ as a basis for exploring the impact of municipal craze upon its charter and indirect victims and the value and efficacy of the current resources, initiatives, and support ne 2rks used in combating domestic craze and assisting its victims. Finally, concluding remarks will be presented.A followup on Definitions of Domestic ViolenceFinding a usually-accepted definition for domestic wildness proved to be an elusive endeavor. This whitethorn be because in that location is no consensus definition of the term (Laurence and Spalter-Roth, 1996 Contemporary Womens Issues Database, May 1996 Contemporary Womens Issues Database, July 1996). several(prenominal)ly writer seems to define the term to fit his or her topic or agenda. For instance, Chez (1994, cited in Gibson-Ho salubrious, 1996), in focusing on female victims of domestic wildness, defines the term as the repeated subjection of a woman to forceful somatic, genial, and mental behavior to coerce her without regard to her proper(ip)s. Some definitions are basic and general a pattern of regularly occurring twist and hysteria, or the threat of violence, in an intimate (though not necessarily cohabitating) relationship (Gibson-Ho vigorous, 1996, citing Loring and Smith, 1994). Other definitions are worldwide and specific (Manor, 1996 Neufield, 1996 Asian Pages, 1998 Josiah, 1998 Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 1999 Danis, 2003 Verkaik, 2003). The more comprehensive definitions, although phrased differently, typically possess the care common elementsa pattern of opprobrious behavior (as contrasted to a exclusive event)the inglorious behavior involves influ ence, coercion, and/or powerthe abusive behavior may be physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, and/or monetary andthe victim of the abusive behavior is a cohabitating or non-cohabitating intimate partner or spouse.The British government has select one of the more expansive descriptions of domestic violence, one that includes all of the prior elements Any incident of threatening behaviour, violence or nuisance (psychological, physical, sexual, financial or emotional) betwixt adults who are or book been intimate partners or family members, regardless of gender or sexuality. Beyond the basic definition, the government furnishes and description of domestic violence as a pattern of abusive and compulsory behaviour by which the abuser attempts to gain power over the victim. The government contends that domestic violence crosses age, gender, racial, sexuality, wealth, and geographical lines. (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic violence mini-site, 2005) Interestingly, the definiti on offered by the government expands the description to include other family members in join on to intimate partners.Historical Evolution of the Recognition of Domestic Violence as a Societal ConcernThe issue of domestic violence, particularly violence against female spouses, was a topic of societal concern dating from the prime(prenominal) marriage law instituted by Romulus in 75 B.C. But the concern was not in preventing domestic violence to the contrary the concern was in support of wife beatinglegally and institutionallya author that existed through the early twentieth century. (Danis, 2003, citing Dobash and Dobash, 1979). English common law, until the late ordinal century, structured marriage to give a husband superiority over his wife in or so aspects of the relationship. This sanctioned superiority gave the husband the right to command his wifes obedience, and subject her to corporal punishment or chastisement if she defied his authority. (Tuerkheimer, 2004, citing Sie gel, 1996) The beginning of the twentieth century witnessed the dismantling of laws specifically condoning control and violence however, the laws were not replaced by codes that protected victims from abuse. Instead, marital privacy became the standard. Essentially, abuse was considered to be a family riddle, not one in which society had an interest. (Turekheimer, 2004)not until the feminist movement of the late 1960s and 1970s was ordinary interest in domestic violence piqued (Danis, 2003, citing Schechter, 1982). With little universal or tete-a-tete funding, feminist activists set up shelters for female victims of domestic violence. They also press for laws to punish offenders and promoted training of neighborly workers and other professions to recognize domestic violence and treat its victims. (Contemporary Womens Issues Database, May 1996). From these humble beginnings, over the last thirty-plus years, customary awareness has been enhanced dramatically, increasing amounts of public and private funding have been allocated for shelters, domestic violence laws have been strengthened, and genial workers and other professionals (e.g. school personnel, health care professionals, police officers) have been trained to recognize signs of, and provide treatment to those unnatural by, domestic violence.Today, in the early years of the new millennium, the expression in which society views domestic violence is continuing to evolve. Physical abuse of wives was the sign focus of intervention initiatives. Drawing on research presented earlier, sexual, emotional, psychological, and financial abuse have been added to physical abuse as types of domestic violence. And, many definitions of victims of domestic violence now include, in addition to wives, husbands and domestic partners of the same or different sex. Increasingly, too, children in the domestic formation are being include as victims of domestic violence.Theoretical Explanations for Domestic Violence and t he Relevance of grammatical genderJust as there is a lack of consensus on a oneness definition for domestic violence, there is no single recognised causative speculation for domestic violence. In the absence of a single hypothesis, at least four theories are used to explain wherefore domestic violence occurs social change over/deterrence, social development, feminist, and the ecological example. (Danis, 2003) These theories, with their relevance to domestic violence, will be presented and critiqued in this element. A discussion of the relevance of gender in domestic violence will ratiocination out the section.Under the social exchange theory, human interaction is driven by pursuing rewards and avoiding punishments and costs. (Danis, 2003, citing Blau, 1964). Gelles and Cornell (1985, 1990, cited in Danis, 2003) contend that domestic violence occurs when costs do not outweigh rewards. Costs in this context include the authorisation for defensive physical action by the vict im, potential of being arrested and imprisoned, prejudice of personal status, and dissolution of the domestic arrangement.The social learning theory suggests that deal learn to be violent by being immediately rewarded or punished after they draw out violent behavior, through what is called reinforcement, and by watching the experiences of others, called modeling (Danis, 2003, citing Bandura, 1973). According to some experts, there is a correlation between people who witness abusive behavior in their earlier lives and those who commit domestic violence later. (Danis, 2003, citing OLeary, 1987).According to feminist theory, domestic violence emanates from a patriarchal school system which assigns men the responsibility for controlling and managing female partners (Danis, 2003, citing Dobash and Dobash, 1979 Yllo, 1993). Under this theory, domestic violence is attributed to a flaw in societal structure rather than to any specific individual male pathology.Finally, the ecological f ramework theory, in contending that no single theory abide be used in explaining or predicting domestic violence, proposes risk factors for domestic violence and interventions to address it at three directsthe micro level (e.g. batterer programs), the meso level (e.g. police and the courts), and the macro level (e.g. a coordinated community approach). (Danis, 2003, citing Crowell and Burgess, 1996 ice-skating rink and King, 1998).Each of these four theories offers valuable insight into domestic violence. For instance, the social exchange theory offers a basis for law enforcement and prosecution of offenders the social learning theory helps to explain why children who witness abuse sometimes modernise up to be abusers themselves thereby providing rationale for corrective interventions to unlearn abusive behavior and the feminist theory supports interventions targeted at circumstances batterers to reform and helping to empower victims. But none of these theories seems to provide a comprehensive foundation on which a comprehensive approach for dealing with the many causal and outcome dimensions of domestic violence bay window be built. The more compound ecological framework theory, however, seems to furnish the needed basis for such(prenominal) a comprehensive approach.Now attention will turn to the topic of the relevance of gender in domestic violence. Historically, as mentioned earlier, wives were considered to be the only victims of domestic violence. Today, husbands as well as same- or different-sex non-married partners are considered to be victims as well (Cruz, 2003). Although the statistics vary significantly (Leo, 1994), some indicating that the same number of men as women are victims of domestic violence (Leo, 1994 Simerman, 2002), most experts agree than women are most often the victims and, when they are victimized, the damage is usually more serious. The extension that women are most often victims has now gained official recognition. The Briti sh government contends that, although domestic violence is not restricted to a specific gender, it consists chiefly of violence by men against women. (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic violence mini-site, 2005)The Potential have-to doe with of Domestic Violence on Females, Mothers, and ChildrenAccording to the Contemporary Womens Issues Database (January 1996), the most common victims (of domestic violence) are women and children. With the acknowledgement that domestic violence affects men as well as women, the focus of the discussion in this section will be on the potential impact of domestic violence on females, generally, and on females in their role as mothers as well as on their children.Domestic violence against women can result in serious physical injuries, psychological flummoxing, and mental strain (Wha-soon, 1994). According to Wha-soon, physical injuries include severe headaches, bruises, bone fractures, loss of eyesight, nervous paralysis, insomnia and indigestion, and psychological trauma can include anxiety, a sense of powerlessness, and a loss of self-conceit and self-confidence. Psychological effects can lead to suicide in some cases. Winkvist (2001) echoes these psychological effects and adds that beat-up women are also more apt(predicate) to experience sexual and reproductive health disorders. Effects are not restricted to those that are physical and psychological in nature, however. Women can be financially impacted as well. Brown and Kenneym (1996) contend that women, in an exertion to flee their attackers, may give up financial security and their homes in favor of safety.Mothers may experience additional negative effects from domestic violence. Starr (2001) contends that domestic violence against mothers is associated with harmful implications for mental health and parenting, as well as for the offspring. According to Starr, mothers who are in an environment of domestic violence suffer worse outcomes for themselves and for their child ren. Isaac (1997) suggests that abuse of mothers and children are linked, stating that from thirty to almost threescore percent of mothers reported for child abuse were themselves abused.Hewitt (2002) claims that ninety percent of occurrences of domestic violence are witnessed either directly or indirectly by children. Children can be affected in at least two ways by domestic violence. According to the British government, they can be traumatized by violence they witness against others in the relationship even when they are not the specific targets of the violence (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic violence mini-site, 2005). According to Hewitt (2002), children suffer low self-esteem, isolation, trauma, and homelessness that they may not manifest until later in life. They may also suffer from maladies such as worry, sadness, focus and concentration difficulties, forgetfulness, headaches and stomachaches, lying, and short(p) impulse control, according to Salisbury and Wichmann (2004). Importantly, there is also a wholesome correlation between domestic violence and child abuse, a power point which reinforces Isaacs position mentioned earlier (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic violence mini-site, 2005). Edleson (1999, cited in Spath, 2003) takes the same position in stating that numerous research studies over the last several decades have reported a connection between domestic violence and child ill-treatment within families. And, finally, as mentioned earlier, the social learning theory would suggest that children who witness violence learn that violence is an acceptable way to settle disputes. Supporting this, Wha-soon (1994) writes that the learning of violence causes a cycle of violence.An judging of the Value and Efficacy of Domestic Violence InterventionsMethods for dealing with domestic violence generally fall into three categories saloon, protection, and nicety (M2 Presswire, 1998). As the terms imply, prevention attempts to avert incidences of domestic violence through methods such as commandment and counseling protection involves attempts to prevent get along injury through methods such as removing victims from the situation and ordering offenders to stay away from their victims and justice involves requital against domestic violence offenders.The value and efficacy of prevention, protection, and justice methods used in dealing with domestic violence are difficult to measure. A resolve for this was mentioned earlier the lack of a consensus definition for domestic violence itself. (Contemporary Womens Issues Database, May 1996). Nevertheless, there has been some attempt at measuring functioning anecdotally. According to the Contemporary Womens Issues Database (April 1993) genuinely, the two most common forms of social intervention are mechanisms that help her to lead (such as emergency shelters) and having him arrested(but) incomplete of these interventions is ideal. And, police and judicial interventions do not seem to fa ir much better as illustrated by the case of Samuel Gutierrez who killed his domestic partner, Kelly Gonzalez, in Chicago, Illinois in the United States after multiple beatings, arrests, and various court interventions (Hanna, 1998).That domestic violence still exists as such a serious social problem is probably the best evidence that current methods for preventing it, protecting its victims, and exacting justice on offenders are not working especially well. Perhaps the prospective will be brighter. Newer perspectives, such as that offered by the ecological framework theory, offer some hope. It seems that taking a comprehensive, integrated approach could potentially be substantially more effective as the various public and private components work together in a cooperative, synergistic arrangement with one goalthe welfare of the potential or actual victim. oneness expert even suggests that this combined public-private approach could be enhanced further by adding a third componentth e family (nuclear family, extended family, intimate family, close relationships)to the formal, integrated support arrangement (Kelly, 2004).ConclusionPublic and private organizations overlay to increase their attention to domestic violence. In the United Kindgom, The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 furnishes greater authority to police and the courts in dealing with cases of domestic violence and in providing protection to victims. Aditionally, the British governments late issued national domestic violence action plan sets forth ambitious goals (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic Violence, 2005) quoted as followsreduce the prevalence of domestic violenceincrease the rate that domestic violence is reportedincrease the rate of domestic violence offences that are brought to justiceensure victims of domestic violence are adequately protected and supported nationwide andreduce the number of domestic violence related homicides.Returning to the introductory quotation, had Sha kespeares Desdemona been alive today, perhaps she would have some hope that she would not forever be in such great fear of Othellos rage. ReferencesAsian Pages (1998) What is domestic violence? November 14, 1998.Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalisation of domestic violence What social workers need to know. brotherly Work, April 1, 2003.Blau, P. M. 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Tuerkheim er, Deborah (2004), Recognizing and remedying the harm of battering A call to criminalize domestic violence. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, June 22, 2004.Simerman, John (2002) Men, too, fall victim to abuse in big numbers. knight Ridder/Tribune News Service, November 25, 2002.Spath, Robin (2003) Child protection professionals identifying domestic violence indicators implications for social work education. Journal of Social Work Education, September 22, 2003.Starr, Raymond H., Jr. (2001) lineament and timing of mothers victimization effects on mother and children. Pediatrics, April 1, 2001.Tuerkheimer, Deborah (2004), Recognizing and remedying the harm of battering A call to criminalize domestic violence. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, June 22, 2004.Verkaik, Robert (2003) One man in six a victim of domestic violence. The Independent, September 24, 2003.Wha-soon, Byun (1994) A study on the prevention of and countermeasures against domestic violence Part 1 of 2. C ontemporary Womens Issues Database, January 1, 1994.Winkvist, Anna (2001) Researching domestic violence against women Methodological and ethical considerations. Studies in Family Planning, March 1, 2001.Yllo, K. A. (1993). Through a feminist lens Gender, power, and violence. In R. J. Gelles D. R. Loseke (Eds.), Current controversies on family violence (pp. 47-62). Newbury Park, GA Sage Publications. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003.

Impact of Abusive Language in Hollywood Movies on Youth

Impact of Abusive Language in Hollywood Movies on YouthResearch QuestionQ. Does the abusive no manpowerclature in Hollywood movies change the deliverance/ diction behavior in the jejuneness of Lahore? principleThe aim of this look for is to take in the impact of abusive nomenclature utilize in Hollywood movies on offspring of Lahore. This interrogation is unsanded to us beca drug abuse the trend of watching English movies among the youngsters has increased. And due to this they be effecting with the sick language that is utilize in Hollywood movies.I selected the Hollywood movies because the cut down pointed in this which seems to be quite little but leaving a genuinely bad impact on our society specially the callowness. Abusive language was never acceptable in any society but offensive language which was otherwise considered broadly acceptable was considered unacceptable by nearly when used too frequently.Dockterman (2014) notes that, Its not surprising thatthe wo lf of besiege street set a new recordsince the movie is all almost excess excessive hookers, excessive drug use and, of course, excessive avouching.Whether children were in all probability to be watching or listening and, if so, what impact the language great power abide on them was is a key consideration. It is very interesting g overnment issue as it is attention seeking for the heap. This interrogation intends to bewilder out that how ofttimes people atomic number 18 adopting such prohibited words and languages. I took this question because I want to bring it to the frontline. I personalisedly feel this composition interesting because I found lots of examples re recentd to this in Pakistani society. People are considering it a part of towering class and our youth is using such language to throw such impact that they belongs to in high spirits class society. And it becomes a part of being stylish and swag. Mail online (2014) notes that, video recording thoughte rs are being deluged with foul language as swearwords and profanation become commonplace in Hollywood films. Media monitors counted the f-word 1,429 times in 60 movies give tongue ton on terrestrial TV in the first six months of this year. in that respect were 827 uses of s*** as soundly as 221 exclamations of Jesus or Christ, which withal offend many.HypothesisH1 Abusive language in Hollywood movies changes the speech behavior in the youth of Lahore.Ho. Abusive language in Hollywood movies does not change the speech behavior in the youth of Lahore. books Re run intoMy research area includes the level of abusive behavior among the youth of Lahore. I picked approximately articles and existing work done on this content which willing help me to land at considered decisions about my research and to examine that what I have to find out of these existing belles-lettress. First literature includes the notions of gendered language in action films which indicates that whether men us e more than(prenominal) than swear words or women. Second literature includes that how Hollywood films promote the the Statesn subtlety among the audience. Third literature notes that the Hollywood movies are responsible for the behavioral changes that occur in the other finishs. Forth literature investigated that the offensive language on prime-time show and blood programs found that 9 out of 10 projects contained no less than one episode of execration. These literatures are described in detail below.Marcus Midefelt (2013) notes that, A few specialists said media depicts the truth and several(predicate) says it reshapes the view of reality. This occupy examines this relationship by measuring the recurrence of three family line linguistic thoughts of gendered language in action movies. They chose ideas are Ladies talk more than men, Men swear more than ladies and Ladies utilize more label and seaman questions than men. The study demonstrates that male heroes produce the most astounding number of any examined variables. Then again, considering that the study additionally shows that male heroes talk more than their effeminate partners the higher creation of every examined variable may be a consequence of this. The technique used to accomplish this point is the quantitative organisation Content Analysis. The most unmistakable after effect of this study is that men create the most astounding number of each variable contemplated. In any case, the generation of contemplated variables in the middle of male and female heroes contrasts by generally the homogeneous rate for each variable. The generation of any mulled over variable by male heroes fluctuates between 62-66% of the aggregate events of the variable, including the quantity of lines articulated. This implies that the high number of studied variables expressed by male heroes is prone to be an aftereffect of male heroes articulating a greater number of lines than female heroes. (p.2)Wanwarang Mai suwong (2012) notes that, The Americans movies are seen in the America, as well as they are seen by the huge aggregation of people the world over. Moreover, the American film firms overwhelm the majority of commercialise share on the planet film industry. It appears that utilizing movies is the best mean for the America to pick up acknowledgment and kinship. Movies depict a smooth narrating and make water in the individuals to continue viewing from the earliest starting point until the end. In this paper, Researcher has chosen 30 Hollywood films from year 2001-2010, each of them won universal recompenses. He investigated the films on what are discriminating social qualities and governmental messages in every chose film that America tries to impart towards the world company of onlookers. He mostly centered around seven alternate points of view of society which appeared to be the most clear refining showed up in Hollywood motion pictures. In this study specialist has investigate d the Hollywood film, drib Habor is a true to life talk motion picture where it contains two war and sentiment stories. Two young men grew up together, turned out to be great companions, and later experienced passionate feelings for the same lady. The film communicates the difficult of adoration for three individuals and the endure of American individuals amid the atrocity. He examined the accompanying focuses quickly Freedom of Expression, Nationalism, sexuality, Language, way of life and worth. At expiry he reasoned that Expected Cultural Effects of Hollywood Movies to the earshot is Language Effect, subsequent to presenting to the motion pictures, the individuals may swing to speak American intonation, they might likewise receive those American slangs and languages to their daytime by day life. (P.2-4)Birkel, J., Lee, S. Oirya, J. (n.d) explains in his study, That study was built on the theory of Americanization that postulates that American movies have a profound impact on certain aspects other cultures. It cogitate on examining the international opinions of people who watch Hollywood movies, as well as the extent to which and ways in which they felt these movies affected their culture and them as individuals. It relied on convenience sampling from international college students, studying in the United States. The main implications of this study, as it are explained in the results that Hollywood movies are responsible for the behavioral changes that occur in the other cultures. Hollywoods ability to Influence sexual behavior creates an issue that affects the world by influencing the rise and fall of sexual behaviors. Along with sexual and violent media, near groups and individuals within the United States are concerned with the frequency in which profanity is used in Hollywood movies. This issue can be examined from a broader point of view as well, assuming that if a cultures language is affected by Americanization, then trends in Americas use of p rofanity will naturally be part of that. So the people in other cultures may be correct in assuming that Americas influence results in the decline of their culture. (p2-4)Kaye, B. K. Sapolsky, B. S. (2009) notes that, This trial of offensive language on prime-time show and cable programs found that 9 out of 10 projects contained no less than one episode of profanity, and viewing audience were presented to 12.58 cuss words every instant in 2005. Viewers of show projects were presented to somewhat under 10 questionable words every hour contrasted with 15 words-every hour on link programs. (P.1-3)Offensive language now and again has been slipped into programs subsequent to the beginning of TV, however beginning in about the late 1980s, coarse language. The primary focus of this research is to extend earlier print work by Kaye and Sapolsky (2001, 2004) by examining whether cable-delivered programs contain more instances of profanity than distribute shows. Overall, 9 out of 10 prog rams on both conduct and cable television contained at least one indecent word or 330 phrase. Risqu language was spoken nearly once every 5 minutes. meet over one- half of objectionable words were of the mild type (i.e., damn, hell). These findings are similar to previous studies that show the proportion of profanity represented by mild-other words has steadily decreased 80.7% in 1990, 75.0% in 1994, 68.6% in 1997, 60.6% in 2001 (Kaye Sapolsky, 2004) indicating a gradual coarsening of 335 language spoken in prime-time.Overall, this study contributes to the issue of vocal indecency on television, especially in its comparison of broadcast to cable programs. While offended viewers and lawmakers are insisting that the FCC more strongly penalize broadcast stations for airing programs that contain verbal indecency, they, along with broadcasters, are 415 also wagging their fingers at cable programs, which they claim are even more vulgar.My research area would bring a new research in suc h a way that I mainly focused on language as it is a part of our culture and what is the impact of offensive language on the youth of Lahore. I am going to add to the existing literature in this way that my research is directed towards on a very essential part of our culture which is language and its impact on the youth of Lahore specifically. This research would help you to find out that what are the factors attracting students towards use of abusive language and to understand how viewers and listeners decide what is considered generally acceptable/unacceptable in terms of possibly abusive language.Research MethodologyThe detective has laid a research design to study the impact of abusive language on youth of Lahore, to find out the answers to the research questions and to investigate the formulated hypothesis.Research radiation diagramResearch design refers to the different methods through which the selective information is haveed. For the study at hand the researcher has emp loyed descriptive research that includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different sorts. The researcher applied one method to carry out the research. I will conduct surveys in order to find out some results regarding my research.Tools of Data CollectionThe researcher used one method to collect the information and analyze the Impact of abusive language on youth of Lahore. I will use the method of questionnaires to conduct my research and ingests people to fill these questions which include young people.SurveyIn the current study the researcher used the quantitative method i.e. survey for data collection. Questionnaires were used as the tool of survey.Quantitative methodI will use quantitative method which includes questionnaires in order to conduct my research. I will use Questionnaire method because it is an easy method to collect data from a large and massive audience. I can easily collect my data by asking young people to fill out the questionnaire paper. commonwealthThe p opulation of the survey was selected by keeping the target audience in mind. And the target audience was youth in the universities of Lahore. Young people from universities are selected because they watch more Hollywood movies. Movies are more popular among the youth. better people especially young educated people are more likely watch Hollywood movies in their leisure time or for entertainment. . The university students are mature and make their own decisions so the effect calculated on them will be realistically accurate. So the researcher chooses university students to make up ones mind the impact of abusive language used in Hollywood movies. samplingThe Purposive sampling is a form of probability sampling which the researcher used to collect the data from different universities.VariablesDependent Lahore Youths exposure to Hollywood films.Independent Level of abusive language.EthicsMy research will also include the moral philosophy that I will ask permission from my populatio n before taking information from them. My questionnaire has a partitioning of ethics that will u allow me to take your few seconds in order to fill this questionnaire. As this research needs some personal information and language is also a part of personal thing that what is there language and what kind of swear words they use. So ethics are an important part of my research because it is matter of peoples personal behavior i.e. speech behavior.BibliographyBirkel, J., Lee, S. Oirya, J. (n.d.). Hollywood Americanized Sex, Violence, Language and Body Images A Study of Cultural Perceptions Regarding the Influence of American Movies on International Students. Retrieved on April 12, 2014 from www.lekrib.com/HollywoodHegemony.pdfDockterman, E. (2014). The Wolf of Wall Streert Breaks F Bomb. Retrieved on April 6 , 2014, from Time.com http//entertainment.time.comKaye, B. K. Sapolsky, B. S. (2009). Taboo or Not Taboo? That is the Question Offensive Language on Prime-Time send and Cable Pr ogramming. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 53(1)P1-3. Retrieved on April 23, 2014 from http//www.cci.utk.eduMidefelt, M. (2013). Sailors and Tentative Talk-a-lots A Study of Folk Linguistic Notions of Gendered Language in Action Films. unpublished P.H.D Thesis, University of Gothenburg. Retrieved on April 8, 2014 from https//gupea.ub.gu.seMail Online (2014), Too much bad Language on TV.http//www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-188713/Too-bad-language-TV.htmlixzz37JemGBN0Maisuwong, W. (2012). The Promotion of American Culture through Hollywood Movies to the World auditory modality A Threat to National Identity and Sovereignty. International Journal of design Research Technology, 1(4)P2-4. Retrieved on April 12, 2014 from www.ijert.org

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles

Strengths and Weaknesses of the agreement of VersaillesOn the 28th June 1919, Ger numerous resentfully signed the about famous pact ever, Versailles. Although years of read unslopeding the agreement followed, this essay will focus mainly on the specializations and impuissancees of the 440 articles in 1919. The Treaty followed a massive war, with huge human sacrifice. It was vatical to be the Treaty to end all wars and give security to the countries involved. The arouse task that laid ahead for Woodrow Wilson (America), Lloyd George (Great Britain), Clemenceau (France) and Orlando (Italy) was on a bigger home plate than any previous delegates had had to deal with.One of the biggest interpreted weaknesses was the economics and reparations. Firstly, it highlighted the weaknesses of the delegates forming the Treaty, as they had to listen to public demand which had been exaggerated due to the scale and aloofness of the war. An example was Lloyd George who was pressured from conse rvatives for acrimonious reparations, Geddes, a conservative politician hailed the words we shall wrench the German lemon until the pips squeak.1Packer declared Lloyd George did non believe in harsh reparations2, yet George added extras to the original reparations such as war pensions to amuse the conservatives because the original add based on war damage gave Britain a rattling little. Kitchen showed and I agree that there was little Lloyd George could do some(prenominal) the situation as no politician would pose survived if he had suggested that Germany should be forgiven.3However, Lentin disagreed, thinking that public opinion created pressure but had no encroachment on the Treaty. He later contradicted himself by proclaiming that the one of the causes of the delay in announcing reparations because the delegates believed that the public would neer be satisfied with the guaranteed amount.4 because, public opinion had to be acknowledged and satisfied to a certain exten t. This meant the Treaty did non eer accomplish what was needed such as lower reparations.The biggest weakness with the reparations was the pith amount (600 zillion) Germany had to pay. Keynes, who scathingly criticised the Treaty of Versailles, heavily condemned the reparations as Britain depended on the revitalisation of condescension, particularly with Germany,5but Germany needed to increase their exports and decrease their imports. This would decrease trade with Britain and lose Britain money. Feldman, although I disagree, supported Keynes believe that the economic and financial settlements were direful miserys.6This was an extreme view and seemed to ignore the circumstances the delegates were dealing with. There were scummy decisions but Feldman over-exaggerated. Nicolson argued that it was non also harsh economically to Germany.7However, although it was not excessively harsh, I believe it was in any case harsh for Germany to even begin to comprehend, especially wh en territory and economics are combined. Germany lost 13.5% of their territory including 8% of German coal production. Germany lost 10% of her population as well as 1.7 million people in the war. Population creates manpower for industry. This office not seem a lot however, when you add 600 million in reparations, the deviation flush toilet seem great and perhaps the Treaty harsh. This shows an early(a) weakness of the Versailles Treaty, as no suit able-bodied amount for Germany to pay was reached discrediting the treaty. However it could be deemed an inevitable weakness as the reparations were decreased in the 1920s but the Germans still felt it was unfair.Another weakness of the Treaty of Versailles was the disarmament hypocrisy. The federation of Nations articles asserted that any discrepancies would be sorted through the alliance and not by war. Therefore there was no need for any field to fork over large armies however Germany was forced to disarm to a 200,000 pop the q uestion army, showing how the points were used selectively. During the revisionist period Germany complained about the unjust nature of disarmament. Therefore disarmament can be viewed as a weakness as it highlights the unjust part of the Treaty but it shows that Germany was always going to get hold back with revenge. Germany was unified in its pride in its military. Carr argued that Germanys explicate in 1920s was inevitable as it was un landable to impose a define of permanent inferiority on a great power.8This was true, but unavoidable France wanted to know that Germany could not attack them. However, if the hypocrisy previously mentioned did not exist, and everyone had disarmed, then the situation could impart been different. Isolating Germany in disarmament and the League of Nations was a bad idea, as they used it as an excuse to inlet the Treaty later, which was one of the causes of the Second World War. The Treaty had the aim of lengthy peace, and the isolation through disarmament was one of the reasons it did not fulfil its aim.The failure of the League of Nations was a huge weakness it failed because America, Russia and Germany were omitted. The League could not bother decisions about the world without three of the well-nigh influential countries. The League was bypassed when Italy seized Corfu, make embarrassment for the League as it showed a lack of power. The League might not cast been certain to succeed, but if the League had put its countries beliefs behind, and the worldwide affairs initiative, it would not be deemed such a weakness. The League of Nations had strengths too, it was the first epoch the idea cede been put into practise trying some ideologically and practically new to keep the peace worldwide. The League introduced aesculapian measures that had not been in states before 1914. This was a very credible strength from the Treaty of Versailles. It really was evidence of the Versailles Treaty trying to keep protract peace. The compromises in the Treaty created strengths and weaknesses. These compromises had left over(p) historians to debate as to whether the Treaty would have been stronger if it had been harsher or softer. Marks perfectly described the Treaty as too soft to restrain Germany yet too severe to be delicious toGermans.9It was viewed too harsh in terms of reparations, disarmament and territory. The consequence of this was Germany convert others it was too harsh bringing the revisionism viewpoint of the 1920s which had been adopted by Britain. Revisionism allowed the Germans to undo some of the Treatys main clauses such as self-determination, reparations and disarmament. Revisionism has been linked to the rise of Nazism and also the Second World War. The Versailles Treaty aimed to keep prolonged peace, the weakness of the compromise shows a failure of the Treaty. A soft treaty would have been impossible, the after war feeling was to enforce a unforgiving peace to help restore some of th e hurt caused during the war that Germany was diabolical for starting. However , it seemed that no matter how soft the Treaty would have been Germany would have wanted to change it. I agree with Kitchen that ultimately no amount of revision would have satisfied the Germans.10The strength of the Versailles Treaty compromises was that most of the clauses were very just, especially considering the circumstances. An example of this would be the Rhineland, France wanted to occupy it, however the other delegates knew that it would only cause outrage in Germany, and would strike revenge, thereof they created a compromise where the Rhineland would remain unoccupied and demilitarized. Another way to view the compromises as strength is looking at Germanys Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, an obviously overly harsh Treaty imposed on Russia after they withdrew from the war. This strength does not disrespect mistakes in the compromises and in the Treaty however it highlights that within the circumstan ces it was a commendable agreement. However, the strengths and weaknesses could be argued to be unavoidable. The Treaty regardless of its content was never going to last. Mattrl pointed out the undeniable point that before the ink had modify on the Treaty of Versailles, the movement to destroy ithad begun.11Therefore the weaknesses mentioned would not have been weaknesses had German accepted losing the war and the terms.The Treaty would not have been so heavily criticised and littered with failures if it had been enforced. The Treaty could have been successful but at one time the Treaty had been signed the alliance had crumbled, worsened by different ideas on how to enforce the Treaty. France wanted to make sure the clauses were imposed on Germany as harsh as possible however Britain began to revise the Treaty. Germany complained about the Treaty, believing it was unjust, when in reality it was mainly fair. For example, if disarmament had been enforced, Germany would not have been able to annex Czechoslovakia, which was a cause of the Second World War. Germany was also left to decide about whether they could afford the reparations, and obviously, as they did not want to have this article imposed on them, they often escaped doing it, to a bill that could easily create weaknesses in the Versailles Treaty. Marks correctly explained that the delegates erroneously believed that Germany would resist by their decisions,12this highlighted one of the many reasons why enforcement of the Treaty failed. Another reason for the lack of enforcement was that the allies were not loyal to each other they just won the same war that they fought for different reasons. Therefore, the Treaty could be argued to have exposed weaknesses due to the lack of enforcement as opposed to the original articles.It can be argued that there are less strengths than weaknesses in the Treaty of Versailles but it is often forgotten that the biggest strength is far more significant than most of th e weaknesses. The momentous task that lied ahead of the delegates was incomprehensible 10 million people lost their lives alongside the new style of warfare. The war came to an hasty end and there were complex issues alongside contradicting viewpoints. The short amount of time they had, and the amount they had to handle creates the strength as they were able to form a Treaty which although has been criticised with many weaknesses, also has commendable articles and decisions. It must never be forgotten that the Treaty was produced attempting long-term peace whilst punishing the losers of the war, as most Treaties do. If the Treaty had been accepted by the Germans, it could have been an established peace settlement.In conclusion, there are many strengths and weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles, from the ideological revolution in the League of Nations, to the lack of considered economics in the reparations and loss of territories. However, the Treaty should be commended as one of i ts own time, that regardless of its contents would have been changed and familiarized as no Treaty had ever involved so many world and European powers. Marks convincingly summed up the Treaty by rightly claiming that the Treaty was a product of its time representing the feelings of the time therefore its duration was limited seeing as the reality of the feelings of 1919 was limited.13