Pepsi SWOT

An internal analysis of Pepsi reveals some core strengths and weaknesses. Their strengths include a patient of output line and great reputation, number one maker of snacks, and they interchange three products through the same distribution channel. Pepsi, Gatorade, and Tropi push asidea share production capabilities which help in the reduction of costs, improves efficiency, and smoothes out the impact of seasonal fluctuations in consume for a particular product.On the other hand, Pepsi has some weaknesses that include Pepsi products that do non bear the company name, a lack of brand sensation with some of their products, and a majority of their sales comes from the U. S. market place and about 1/3 of their sales is from Frito-Lay. In Pepsis external environment they watch a few opportunities as well as some threats. Opportunities that they can take advantage of include the increasing trend towards healthier food, noncarbonated rackets which are the fastest growing part of t he industry, and international markets that they have not yet tapped into.However, Pepsi faces threats from several competitors such as Coca Cola and kraft paper Foods due to Pepsis broad product line. In addition, since sales from Frito-Lay makes up a large portion of their profits, a downturn in the market provide pose another threat to them. Pepsi uses a diversification outline that is keyed towards product innovation, close relationships with distribution allies, international expansion, and strategic acquisitions. to the highest degree of PepsiCo brands have achieved number one or number two positions in their respective food or beverage categories through these strategies.Furthermore, their management has a proven ability to capture strategic fits between the operations of modern acquisitions and its other businesses. They have also formulated three divisions that are comprised of PepsiCo Americas Foods division, PepsiCo Americas Beverages division, and PepsiCo world(pre nominal) in order to increase efficiency in each area. In 2008, a new element in their corporate strategy was product reformulations to make snack foods and beverages healthier. This was a step in the right direction. It is very(prenominal) important for Pepsi to respond to the current trend of healthier food and drink options.Coke and PepsiThey should introduce a wide variety of noncarbonated beverages, such as water and orange juice, to the U. S. and abroad to increase their market share and remark profit growth. They can utilize their Power of One strategy in international markets, where their Frito-Lay brand is doing very well, to encourage the purchase of their beverages. When Pepsi acquired Quaker Oats it was a smart move to be able to offer consumers less flesh out snack foods. They should provide such alternatives through their Frito-Lay brand as well. If Pepsi implements these recommendations it will help ensure their top spots in the food and beverage industries.

Enrollment System Essay

1.1 flat coat of the ProblemThe Enrollment establishment is a organisation by which the students dis electric charge business with the school, by knowing what section they belong through evaluating their grades by the teachers. In every year, it is expected that enrollees are increasing and the schedule of the readjustment system of the school is easier and reliable. Nowadays technology industry arises each follow needs to have its own computerized system that can manage their reports effectively. The aggroup decided to conduct a study of their school Silway-8 National high gear School to enhance their knowledge and skills in computer regarding this Computerized Enrollment System. We leave alone offer fast and accurate processing of enrollment system, implement a strong security in maintaining files and design a user a friendly interface. If this will push through, only this school in their regularize has this computerized system. The school will be pioneering of this class . We are looking forward for this program to install it earlier as long as possible.1.2 Overview of the Current narrate of TechnologySilway-8 National High School is one of the schools having big state located at Silway-8 Polomolok South Cotabato and establish on June 1987. Presently, it has 34 force staff and maximum of 1,350 students. And the school uses a manual system that takes a lot of time and effort. Since there are only one force out assigned to each year level to accommodate students. They encountered problems too same(p) experiencing flood and all the records are being gone. The chairman who is in charge will face a hard time about it. In this regard, this proposal, an modify Enrollment System would solve the aforementioned burdens. This study serves as a total in so achieving a well-compiled data system as well as generating reports.1.3 Project RationaleComputerized Enrollment System is design for the benefits of Silway-8 National High School. It helps the faculty in monitoring the records of the students. Automated Enrollment System is use to make the transaction fast, and accurate. It can pomp the records of each student through student ID number and all other information.

Sample of Document

Entity Vietcombank Period ended 31/12/2012 pro establish class of proceeding/ probatory divine revelation act bid recognise origination Transaction step upgrowthing Significant class of transactions/ indicationificant disclosure process owner credence Policty at HODebt focal point surgical incision invitee component part We stupefy an agreement of the markificant classes of transactions (SCOTs) and significant disclosure processes to identify and understand the perils of material misstatement at the assumption level (i. e. , what can go wrongs (WCGWs)) and, when applicable, to identify and understand the controls oer the WCGWs. This template assists with comple give the axeg S03 Understand significant classes of transactions and significant disclosure processes. Significant accounts affected and key business and financial statement chances related to these accounts * contribute Acc * Interest Acc * Provision Acc * Expense Acc * Receivable Acc Relevant assert ions * Valuation * Completeness * repair and Obligation * Presentation and Disclosure * Existence Nature of the SCOT (routine, non-routine, estimation) * Routine starting point (initiation) and timing of initiation and recording of the SCOT or significant disclosure process * Customers application Specific circumstances affecting the form and extent of the instrumentation * None Name of the IT application that supports the SCOT * Inputs/outputs of the comminuted way of significant class of transactions/significant disclosure process Inputs/outputs of the supporting IT application Inputs * Inputs * Outputs * Outputs * Critical path (initiating, recording, bear upon, constitutioning, correcting incorrect cultivation) We maintain an understanding of the SCOTs and the significant disclosure processes by obtaining an understanding of their minute path. The critical path includes * Initiation the point where the transaction foremost enters the entitys process and is pre p argond and hand overted for recording * Recording the point where the transaction is first put down in the books and records of the entity * Processing either changes, manipulation or transfers of the selective information in the books and records of the entity * dealing the point where the transaction is reported (i. e. posted) in the general ledger. When we obtain an understanding of the critical path, we obtain an understanding of how incorrectly processed information is detected and corrected on a timely basis. We also obtain an understanding of how transactions atomic number 18 accumulated and posted from the sub ledger to the general ledger, including controls over associated journal entries. We obtain an understanding of the policies and procedures in drift that anxiety uses to determine that directives ar carried out and applied, including * Authorization * Segregation of incompatible duties * Safeguarding of assets * Information processing * Performance reviewsW e use our understanding of the critical path and the policies and procedures to identify WCGWs and, when applicable, pertinent controls. In the course of acquiring an understanding of the processing procedures, we frequently learn of many of the controls in use. Thus, while the emphasis at this point is not to identify the presence or absence of controls, we ar alert to the possible absence of controls, and to the points at which errors could occur and controls are aimed. We affect the effect IT has on the SCOTs and the significant disclosure processes. The manner in which we document our understanding of the SCOT or significant disclosure process is go away to professional judgment of the engagement executives.However, for critical paths related to routine transactions, a graphical depiction of the flow (e. g. , flowchart), supported with narrative notes (e. g. , use of this template) ordinarily provides for easier identification of the types of errors that can occur. No. De scribe the critical path for the significant class of transactions/significant disclosure process Describe the automatise aspects of the significant class of transactions/significant disclosure process, including * Manual aspects that see upon computer functionality or computer generated data * IT applications/infrastructure 1 commendation appraisal and granting proposal 1. 1. bestow applicationFor both HO and splites, course ac honorable mention Dept. s organised into 3 divisions- lymph gland and go out investing (optional) accountable for receiving and appraising add request, monitor and finalizing/ liquidating the loan. Debt guidance mainly trustworthy for storing character bless and other supporting documents as intumesce as modify indispensable information into system work with knob grade in monitoring the loan. And two endangerment wariness division involved in accredit blessing process in terms of risk assessment. wholeness is under HO and one is establish on Ho ki Minh CityFirstly, lymph gland/ see enthronement policeman receives customers contribute Application and supporting documents which are clearly stated in word 14 Decision 228/NHNT. HTQT Lending Regulations1. 2.loanword appraisal * Secondly, Based on documents obtained and the yield credit regulations, invitee/ Project enthronisation military turnedicer appraises clients application under the following aspects * Suitability (in relation to clear recognition limit, related regulations and current risk management policies of the bank) * Feasibility, efficiency and level of risk (if exist) related to clients business fancy * Solvency * verificatorys guest incumbent who receives and appraises loan request also creditworthy for monitoring and appraising indirect. deliverable of the ships incumbent at this stage is Collateral Appraisal Report ( leap BD 1. 1. v002), including trace of client ships military officer-in-charge and engineer of Clien t class.Regarding valuation, branches overlook for compulsory circumstances, are further to cooperate with Independent Appraisal Firms (selected indoors the list of solelyowable firms, habituated with Document 946/VCB. CSTD Appendix 01). In case collateral is valued by VCB, Valuation Memo ( mastermind 2. 2 Bien Ban Dinh Gia) must be disposed(p) with signature of client and bank representative, under Decision 30/ VCB. CSTD. For collateral of over 20 billion VND, branch must send to HO the appraisal documents by Appraisal firm and Appraisal/ Periodic apocalypse Report (Form BD 1. 2. v002), within 2 days since the reports are given their boon sanction. Manual * Next, Client/ Project investment officer prepares and signs Report of course credit appraisal and granting proposal (Bao cao th? m d? h va D? xu? t c? p TD), following Form 1. 4A, 1. 4B and 1. 5. * The Report is thusly submitted to Head of Client/ Project Investment category (TP KH) for revising and write in case the deliverables of Client/ Project Investment officer are accepted. Otherwise, he/she needs to document reasons as well as excess opinions * book of facts/ Project Investment officer so prepares accounting entry documents. a) For clients entirelyow attribute limit, Client officer submits to subsections coach/ valetudinarianism director or Client Director (GD KH) for HO clients. b) For clients grant computer address limit but required by faith limit authorise chest (C? p th? m quy? n phe duy? ) to try out for higher(prenominal) authoritys approval when granting the loan, Client officer submits to both Branchs Director/ delinquency Director and the authority which is stated in Announcement of creed limit Approval ( thong bao phe duy? t GHTD). If the higher authority is local anesthetic Credit committal (HDTD co s? ), there is no need to submit to Branchs Director/ criminality Director. c) For clients not yet granted or beyond Credit limit, Project Investm ent loan is issued. Branch- ground client Client/ Project Investment officer submits to topical anaesthetic Credit citizens committees Director to organise meeting based on its Regulation on Operations. HO-based client Client/ Project Investment officer submits to authorised Client Director. For the credit limits beyond authority of Client Director, submission is sent directly to HOs Credit bump oversight region for subsequent steps. long-suffering documents include * Clients loanword Request ( fender) * Report on Credit/ Project investment funds appraisal and granting proposal ( authentic) * Credit Scoring and Rating Table (original) * good documents for new clients * Financial statements * Other relevant documents (if available) 2. bring approvalBased on Report of Credit appraisal and granting proposal, write by Client officer and Head of Client Division together with supporting documents, the following parties in compliance with their specific authority impart star t the approving process2. 1. Branchs Director/ Vice Director * In case credit granted within Credit limit, Branchs Director/ Vice Director approves the credit grant based on Report of Credit appraisal and granting proposal write by Client/ Project Investment officer and Branchs Director/ Vice Director, as well as accompanying submission documents. In case credit is granted within Credit limit but required by Credit limit approving authority to seek for higher authoritys approval when granting the loan, Client officer submits to both Branchs Director/ Vice Director and the required authority (If the higher authority is local anaesthetic Credit Committee (HDTD co s? ), there is no need to submit to Branchs Director/ Vice Director). 2. 2. Local Credit Committee * Following its Regulations on Organisation and Operations, Local Credit Committees Director organises meeting based on submission documents prepared by Client/ Project investment officer. This Committee includes Branchs direc tor, Vice director and head of Client, Investment project and Debt management division. Local Credit Committee approves credit grants which fall within its authority. Otherwise, based on acceptance opinion of Local Credit Committee, submission documents are then sent to fortune Management Division by client officer for subsequent steps. * For branches under the processing range of HCM-based try Management Division, Client officer submits set of add proposal documents directly to HOs Risk Management Division and 1 duplicate of Loan Proposal Form (Form 3. 2) to HCM-based Division in case of beyond its authority. * Branchs set of documents include * The original Request for Loan approval Form 3. 2 (T? trinh d? ngh? phe duy? t tin d? ng/DTDA) signed by Local Credit Committees Director. A write of Local Credit Committees Meeting minutes * Submission documents to Local Credit Committee Manual 2. 3. Risk Management Division * Based on set of Loan Proposal documents from the Branch, Risk officer evaluates credit risks and prepare Credit Risk Assessment Report (Bao cao ra soat r? i ro c? p tin d? ng) apply Form 2. 3A/2. 3B/2. 4 * The report is then signed by Risk officer in advance being submitted to at least(prenominal) 2 dominances of Risk Management Division, who later provides their approval plus signature. * by and bywards, Risk officer prepares and signs off all summon of Announcement of Credit/ Project Investment Approval( thong bao phe duy? t c? p tin d? ng/DTDA) Form 4. , forwards * submitting to Head of Risk Management Division and Risk Management Director for signature * sending an original to the proposing Branch a copy to General Director as well as relevant Branches. 2. 5. HO-based clients/ projects within Client Directors approving authorityCredit proposals under this case are only considered approved when the Report of Credit appraisal and granting proposal is signed and given acceptance opinion by Client Director. Accordingly, Client/ P roject investment officer prepares (Thong bao tac nghi? p) and transfers documents to HO Debt Management Division for storage, system get in and other subsequent steps. 2. 6.Risk Management Director and Client DirectorUnder this circumstance, Risk officer duplicates the steps within the approving authority of Risk Management Director as stated above. The proposal is only considered approved when obtaining signature of both, except for either of them is absent. 2. 7. Central Credit Committee * Central Credit Committee bases on Credit Risk Assessment Report (signed by at least 2 controllers of Risk Management Division) and Branchs document set (original) prepared by Risk officer to call a meeting. * According to Meeting minutes, Risk Management Division prepares and signs off every page of Announcement of Credit/ Project Investment Approval (Form 4. 2) before submitting Director Central Credit Committee for signature. Then submit to * Client Division at HO an original for subseque nt steps * relevant Branches 01 copy * HCM-based Division a copy in case of approving the proposal of branches under its authority. 2. 8. Board of Directors * Under this circumstance, afterward being approved by Central Credit Committee, Risk Management Division prepares submission documents in accordance with Regulation of Loan grants under approving authority of BOD. * Risk Management Division then prepares Approval Announcement and sends documents in such a way as cases under Central Credit Committees authority in which, documents to Debt Management Division must include Loan Approval Form by BOD. 3. Making loan contract and collateral contractBased on approving results, Client officer continues to seek signature for loan and collateral contract. 3. 1.Loan contract/Collateral contract * Client/ Project Investment Division signs off (ky t? t) every page of loan contract/collateral contract and send to client for confirmation. After signing off by Client and Bank s representer, Loan contract was sent to history division and Debt management Division. collateral contract was sent to Storage division * If any disagreement arises, Client/ Project Investment officer must report to Head of Division. If necessary to amend content or approval conditions, Client/ Project Investment Division issues Form 1. 6 Report on Appraising and Proposing Credit tolerance, submit to authorised bank representatives for approval. After obtaining clients signature and original of collateral contracts, Client/ Project Investment Division register collateral transactions. * Client/ Project Investment officer prepares 02 (Thong bao tac nghi? p m? HDTD), sign off and submit to Head of Division for signature, before sending to Debt Management Division (relevant documents included) for storage and entering into system. * In case clients do not have CIF yet, Client Division prepares Thong bao tac nghiep mo so CIF (Form 5. 8) then sends to Transaction Accounting dept. to open new CIF. Manual 4. Putting data into system and managing credit file * After signing loan contract, Client officer prepare and sign on Thong bao tac nghiep m? h? p d? ng tin d? g containing all information needed to put into system, conditions to disburse, a list of documents needed to interpose and special conditions needed to manage the loan. After that, debt management officer recheck and sign on Thong bao tac nghiep. * Basing on Thong bao tac nghiep, Debt Management officer is responsible for putting data into system. However, only when it is approved online by head/vice of debt management Division, will client data be disclosed on system. Debt Management officer stores all the documents listed on thong bao tac nghiep IT Dependent 5. spending of loanThe disbursement of loan involves the following steps which depend on the name approving authority.However, all of the appointed divisions are held responsible for checking the conformity of clients coitus interruptus documents with cre dit contract. 5. 1. Client/ Project Investment DivisionIf withdrawal request is valid, Client officer prepares Thong bao tac nghiep du dieu kien rut von (Form 5. 4), signs off and submits to Division Head for signature before transferring documents to Debt Management officer for disbursement. 5. 2. Debt Management DivisionThe division directly receives withdrawal request from client and perform checking procedures. Client is required to amend information if found unsuitable. Otherwise, Debt Management officer starts disbursing the loan. 5. 3.Client/ Project Investment Division receiving request, Debt Management Division performing checking proceduresWithdrawal documents after being receive and checked by Client officer, Debt Management officer takes over for disbursement, based on Credit Approval Announcement and Credit contract. If documents are found invalid, they are sent back to Client Division for completion. 5. 4. Higher authorityClient officer prepares Thong bao tac nghiep d u dieu kien rut von (signed by him/her and Head of division). Afterwards, based on credit approval results, Client officer submits the above document and other supporting ones to higher authority. If approved, the documents are transferred to Debt Management for disbursement.The details of disbursement process are briefed as follows * Debt Management officer opens loan account, fills in CIF, signs off Loan receipt Note before updating into system for online approval of Divisions Head. * Next, the officer sends * 01 Loan Receipt Note to client * 01 Loan Receipt Note and supporting documents to relevant departments for disbursement * The last Loan Receipt Note stored in the division. IT Dependent 6. Post-disbursement supervise of Loan * At least every 6 months, Client/ Project Investment Division must recheck the loan usage status (usage purpose, collateral status, the balance amid assets resulting from the loan and the outstanding balance).This is implemented in accordance with the predetermined plan (monitoring schedule and methodology), which is proposed by Client officer when preparing Report of Credit appraisal and granting proposal or when Thong bao tac nghiep at the latest. * For collateral monitoring, the following aspects must be assured * Status compared to previous visit * Forecasted revaluations * Clients conformity in preserving collateral * Proposal to modify collateral management methods (optional) * Proposal to add/ replace collateral (optional) * Debt Management Division is held responsible for reminding Client/ Project Investment Division about loan monitoring schedule. The result must be documented on Loan Monitoring Records (Bien b? n Ki? m tra), which is signed by Borrowers representative and submitted to Head of Client/ Project Investment Division for order and comment. * In case Client/ Project Investment Division detects any signals of risk, officer takes the initiative to propose the corresponding solution (included in Loan Monitor ing Records) before submitting to Head of Division, Director of Client Division (for HO-based clients) or Branchs Director/ Deputy Director. * After finalizing the Record, officer sends 01 original to Debt Management, 01 copy to Risk Management Division for co-monitoring. Manual 7. Credit Adjustment * Depending on the real situation and clients demand after credit approval, credit adjustment can be made correspondingly. * Procedures of Credit Adjustment are conducted in the same manner as that of Credit Proposal and Approval (only those who are authorised to approve credit are able to approve credit adjustment). Client / investment project officer prepares Report of credit appraisal and credit adjustment- bao cao th? m d? nh va d? xu? t di? u ch? nh tin d? ng. At risk management division prepares Credit risk assessment for adjustment report Bao cao ra soat r? i ro di? u ch? nh c? p tin d? ng. * Client/ Project Investment Division prepare Thong bao tac nghi? p di? ch? nh HDTD. Ma nual 8. Loan and interest collection * At least 10 days before due assure, Debt Management officer prints out the list of loans and transfer to Client/ Project Investment Division whose officer prepares a document to inform clients and in charge of pushing clients to fabricate nous and interest * System automatic calculate interest income for loan group 1 * At the due date of loan, Debt Management officer prints out the report of principle and interest up to due date and checking. Then this report is submitted to Head of Debt management for approving. This report is then transferred to Accounting Division for collecting. If collected in cash, Client has to pay at first at change Division. after collecting enough and checking, Cash Division. will sign on Deposit slip (Cash receipt) then transfers Cash Receipt Note to Accounting Division for booking entry. * Accountant makes the following entries * With principal collectionDr. Cash/ BankCr. Loan to Customer * With interest col lectionDr. Cash/ BankCr. Interest Income * Accounting voucher printed out and signed by controller and chief accountant. Application A*N*t Interest = - 360* snow A Outstanding balance NDays (From the last defrayment day to the next payment day). tinterest rate 9. overdue Debt Management * When the loan turns into overdue, debt management officer sends a Reminding Letter to the customer (at least once a month), approved by the Head/Vice of Debt Management Division. This letter is transferred to clients and a copy is also to deliver to the credit officer. * If the customers still dont make payment after more than 3 times received the Reminding Letter, credit officer proposes to the Head of Client/ Project Investment Division to work directly with the customers representative to cover the debt. * Client/ Project Investment Division combines with Risk Management Division and Legal Division if necessary to protect all the interests of VCB. 10. Contract liquidation and Collateral R elease Collateral * After the client pays all principle and interest, Debt Management officer prepares and signs on Loan mop up Announcement (Thong bao dong h? so vay). * Client officer informs client of Loan Contract Liquidation (Form 7. 2). * Debt Management officer hands over all relevant documents to Client/ Project Investment Division before the former Division transfers to clients and sends the original of Handover Record (signed by both handover and takeover) to Debt Management for storage purpose. * Finally, Client/ Project Investment Division cancel Collateral Transaction Registry.

Financial Accounting Theory & the Reporting Environment Essay

5. Researchers who develop positive theories and interrogationers who develop normative theories frequently do non sh atomic chassis 18 the same views about the consumptions of their respective go aboutes to guess construction. (a) How do positive and normative theories differ? (b) Can positive theories suffice normative theories, or vice versa? If yes, give an example. If not, why not? prescriptive be research makes policy recommendations and is concerned with what should be done in contrast to explaining why current practice is carried out in the room that it is (positive conjecture). Normative theorists unremarkably attempt to derive either the true income or adopt the finale usefulness approach whereby account reports ar an stimulus into users closings (e.g., to demoralise or sell sh bes, management closings on the financial wealth of firms, etc.). The major issues ar the seismic disturbance of the changing price environment (prices) and the impact on incom e, assets, liabilities and equity. As a consequence many normative theorists are measurement theorists who attempt to incorporate the effects of inflation into accounting reports. In this sense they take a semantic viewpoint relating the figures in the accounting reports to actual objects (assets, liabilities) or events (changes in inflation). To any(prenominal) extent the approach of the IASB is a normative approach. Positive accounting system was a reversion to exam or relating accounting theories back to the facts or experiences of the real world. Examples of such research were forefrontnaires and surveys of bank officers or investors regarding their use of financial reports for decision making or whether inflation adjusted accounting reports actually aided decision making. reliable positive accounting research is aimed at explaining the reasons for actual accounting practices and in predicting the role of accounting data in economical, political and social decision making . Positive possibility has expanded accounting opening from the purely decision making focus of normative theorists into analysis of political and economic factors. apply the normative recommendation of IFRS, that fair values should be used in financial bids, a positive theorists would first undertake a number of empirical tests to see if they are actually useful/used by decision makersin their valuation models. In this sense they complement each(prenominal) some other normative theory the deductive analysis with positive theory the empirical verification.7.Classify the interest hypotheses according to whether they are conclusions of positive or normative theories. Explain your answers. (a) Historical cost accounting should be replaced by a market value system. (b) Historical cost accounting provides data used by creditors. (c) Historical cost accounting is used by many managers to allocate costs in determining divisional motion. (a) normative (b) positive (c) positivePage 1 of 3710.The decision-usefulness approach to theory development can be used to develop theories of accounting. a) Explain what is meant by the decision-usefulness approach to theory development. b) How can the decision-usefulness approach relate to accounting theory formulation? c) Give two examples of decisions that require data obtained from accounting reports.The decision-usefulness approach is an instrumentalist approach (see diagram p.25). In a narrower sense, one handle test of an overall theory of accounting would be to determine whether the output data of the accounting systems, which are constructed on the basis of the overall theory, are useful to users. The data of the accounting systems are utilised by users in their prediction models, and the conclusions (predictions) are because used in their decision models. The caper is that if the prediction is verified, it verifies the prediction model, not the accounting system and its output. There are other variables beside s accounting data that affect the prediction. We do not know how the accounting data were utilised. Also, if the decision turns out to be right, it verifies the decision model, not the accounting system. Interpreting the evidence on decision-making is extremely difficult. We do not know how to interpret the evidence to determine that accounting learning is useful. Thus, a direct test is virtually impossible. Accounting standard setters usually determine usefulness with the weaker, more direct tests which are usually modern by accounting committee setting bodies and include relevance, verifiability, bring outdom from bias, timeliness, comparability, reliability and understandability. Some decisions To invest in a firms bourgeon (i) (ii) To loan funds to a firm (iii) To purchase or buy an asset. GHTHH Chapter 4 1. How do conceptual frameworks of accounting attempt to create a theory of accounting? Describe the components of the IASB Framework and how they contribute to a theory o f accounting.Conceptual frameworks (such as those developed in the United States, Australia and at the IASC/IASB) do not employ the term theory because of the difficulty of demonstrating logical amity and in gathering empirical evidence to corroborate the theory. However, by following a structured program of inter-related concepts, accounting regulators aim to use the conceptual framework to get consistent accounting standards that entrust replace ad hoc solutions to unique(predicate) problems. In this context, the components of the conceptual framework can be viewed as the building blocks of a theory of accounting. The components of the IASB/Australian Framework are objectives of financial statements qualitative characteristics of financial schooling (such as relevance, reliability, comparability, timeliness and understandability) and definitions of the basic elements of accounting reports (such as assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, expenses and profit) and principles and r ules of recognition and measurement of the basic elements, and the nature of the information to be displayed in financial reports. (Refer page 55 of text) 3. What does the IASB Framework describe as the basic objective of accounting? What are its implications? Stewardship looks primarily to the past, asking the question What sinked? Decision making looks to consequences in the forthcoming, asking the question What will happen? A decision-making approach sees accounting information as inputs for the decision-making prediction models of users. If so, then we are concerned about what kind of accounting information is applicable to decision makers. Some believe that current value is implied. Also that statement of financial position accounts and their amounts are as important as those in the income statement. Traditionalaccounting emphasises income.Page 2 of 376. Explain the role of accounting in relation to (a) individuals (b) firms (c) the Australian economy. Accounting information helps to efficiently allocate capital in the economy. The successful operation of a free economy depends, to a large extent, on the good judgements made by individuals about their investment opportunities and the investment opportunities of firms. People need information to watch where to invest or lend, and at what price. In relation to firms, accounting information forms the basis for many contracts, such as debt contracts that include covenants specifying that the firm will not allow its leverage ratio to exceed a accredited level, or management compensation plans that provide managers with bonuses based on account corporate earnings. As such, the firms cash flows are trussed to accounting metrical composition. Since the value of the firm is the present value of all future cash flows and those cash flows are tied to accounting numbers, accounting numbers determine the value of the firm. In relation to the economy, accounting information plays a vital role in the equitable allocation of capital, and it contributes to the effective performance of the price system. The effective operation of our economy means that efficient and ineffective companies moldiness be identified, so that resources are channelled to the former and away from the last mentioned in order to have a successful economic system. What would happen, later a long period of time, if incorrect information is reported? The economic system would become inefficient (because of the existence of many inefficient firms), causing serious economic problems to all. 7. Can accounting ever provide an naive map of economic reality? Why or why not? Yes.Criticisms of neutrality or independence from bias take two forms. First, some argue it is a state of mind that is not attainable, because all of us are affected by personal values that have been determine by our particular beliefs, traditions, environment, background and personality. Granted that this is true, it is still meaningful to chat of ne utrality or freedom from bias. We recognise the existence of these influences on our perceptions. The thinker is to control them within an acceptable range. Second, some contend that neutrality or freedom from bias is not operational, because we cannot be expected to read other peoples minds. However, it is possible to translate neutrality or freedom from bias into operational terms by establishing specific control devices that are external and subject to examination. Control devices are the means by which the judgment of objectivity receives operational meaning. Control devices have to do with making universal or external what is essentially internal or introspective. Rules and procedures under the lintel of disclosure, consistency, comparability, and materiality as well as GAAP are pragmatic control devices. In the accounting literature, practical control devices under the header of objectivity have taken the following three forms to make specific and precise the concepts an d procedures of accounting, and to obtain general agreement on them to determine a consensus of the measure among a number of experts to improve the standards of competence and ethics of the profession. Accountants must construct unbiased or neutral financial maps of economic reality. Otherwise, as Solomons warns, If it ever became accepted that accounting might be used to achieve other than purely measurement ends, faith in it would be destruct.Page 3 of 37

Sherlock Holmes Essay

The resemblance to a fierce old bird of fertilize shows just how frightening this character is. Using this descriptive language is all consequential(p) as it portrays Dr Roylott as individual who is overpowering, fierce and evil which makes him sound standardized a frightening person who would commit murder. This also composes tenseness in the selecter making them want to find come turn out of the closet if it is him who is the murderer. 5. What did you hope to arrive at done creating the character Sherlock Holmes? Through the character of Sherlock Holmes I hoped to show him as a positive role model and someone who the law should be like.In those days the polices attempts to encounter crime shifted back towards the prevention of crime, as opposed to the sensing of criminals. (This computer address is from www. oldbaileyonline. org/hi point/crime/policing. htmlmetrotext) This is why the police dismissed Helen Stoners storey and if Sherlock Holmes had done the same thi ng then Helen Stoner would take a crap died. This shows how the way of policing was back then. I hoped to change the police force through the character of Sherlock Holmes to make them realise that policing had to be aimed at the detection of criminals as well as preventing crime.Pray be precise to elaborate shows that Holmes is interested and wanting to find out why Julia Stoner died, dissimilar the police force who just wanted to prevent than solve crime. 6. How did you create a sense of mystery and tension in the plot of The mottle Band? I created the sense of tension and mystery in the story by showing evidence along the way. Why its a dummy A ventilator into another room T here were several(prenominal) little changes carried out about that time A small discus of milk A small dog leash. All this evidence adds to the tension and making the reader want to read on to find out how the evidence is all linked.Also, How shall I ever forget that dreadful vigil? This rhetorical q uestion shows how horrific the ordeal was. I could not here a sound, not even the drawing of a breath. The shut cut off the least ray of light and we waited absolute darkness. This credit makes the reader feel like they ar waiting for something to happen and therefore, hence building more tension. 7. How important was setting in the story The cloud Band? The setting in The Speckled Band such as the building of grey was important because it symbolises the danger that lurks about them.Lichen-blotched stone, with a laid-back central portion and two curved wings like the claws of a crab. The simile which describes . Stoke Moran shows the danger that Holmes and Helen are in. The claws sound like they are dangerous and will trap anyone and make them suffer a terrible fate for those who approach them. It was a perfect day, with a bright sunshine and a few fleecy clouds in the heavens. The trees and wayside hedges were just throwing out their first green shoots, and there was full of the pleasant smell of the moist earth and this sinister quest upon which we were engaged. This pathetic fallacy shows the contrast mingled with where they are coming from which is calm and pleasant and Stoke Moran, which is portrayed as a sinister place full of danger and mystery. This setting is important as it also builds tension in the reader which makes them want to read on. Sam Booth 10/05/2007 1 of 3 Show laggard only The above preview is unformatted text This student written human race of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

Legal Considerations in the Business Environment Essay

part there ar many sanctioned factors to consider as XYZ Construction (XYZ) transforms from a private to a publicly owned corporation and expands operations glob every last(predicate)y, this paper bequeath accent on the booking and childbed polices, along with sound considerations that influence family operations. It is important to keep in mind that XYZ usances a mix of manning methodologies without the party a spacious time staff as the core of the confederation, while maximizing the use of funked restriction in the execution of projects. job law of natureEmployment impartiality is a broad family unit of law that encompasses each beas regarding employee/employer relationships yet for the negotiation process and embodied negotiate, which is covered by the narrower focused category of application law. Employment laws consist of thousands of federal and state statutes, regulations, and judicial purposes that atomic number 18 designed to govern the rights an d duties of employers and raceers. The US Department of labor party (USDOL) reports that there be 180 federal laws alone managed by 28 different agencies at bottom the department. ( united States Department of constancy USDOL, 2014) Employment laws ar focused on providing a safe and fair employ place for employees and employers, alike, and throw off their origins in the constitution.They were founded ground on public outcry against oppressive drills during the industrial revolution. The first laws founded in the 1920s were focused on fair nets, compensation for injuries, a criterion reckon week, and on eliminating child apprehend. In the 1960s and 70s, statutes focused on anti- secretion and unsafe work environments. Current issues involve employee health care, equal deport for men and women and the current debate on raising the federal token(prenominal) net profit. there were excessively some(prenominal) issues addressed by the US domineering motor lodge of g reat importance to exercising law including workplace discrimination and retaliation (Brill et al, 2013). The predominance of employment law controversys fall into two categories take and hour violations and discrimination in the workplace.Federal law provides for baseline rules regarding wage and hour standards, to include a minimum wage of $7.25 per hour and 40 hours as the standard work week. Many states have passed laws that establish a higher(prenominal) minimum wage, which is within their constitutional right. In these situations, XYZ is compelled to pay the higher minimum wage of that state. There is an emerging parturiency across the United States to raise the federal minimum wage to $9.50 per hour. In somecases, this result place the federal wage higher than some states, meaning XYZ would have to pay the federal wage as it would trump the state law. It is responsible for XYZ to negotiate appropriate compensation on multiyear contracts as this new legislation works th rough the process.The standard work week, on the other hand, is usual across the United States and any worker that exceeds this threshold is entitled to overtime pay compensation. These rules exist to control the work environment for employees and mandates that time and a half be paid on every hour colossal 40 within a given work week. The law also stipulates that XYZ will maintain basic payroll records and post notices to the workers regarding changes in the work environment. As XYZ experiences delays within projects, the pressure to push the work crews to make up these delays grows. While working overtime to meet customer requirements and project timelines are acceptable, supervisory programs must ensure adherence to the various employment laws not doing so could ternary to unfair labor practice disputes and high-priced legal battles (Brill et al, 2013).another(prenominal) area that is a basis of employment law disputes is discrimination in the workplace. Prohibiting discrim ination based on ethnicity, religious beliefs, gender, age, or disability was launch with the Civil Rights solve of 1964 and refined with subsequent legislation throughout the years. The domineering Court handed down two significant decisions in 2013 that clear evidentiary standards for discrimination claims, both are viewed as beneficial to the employer. First, the courts control that retaliation with discrimination as a motivating factor was not sufficient. The plaintiff must prove that discrimination was the basis for the retaliation, making the encumbrance of proof much greater (Brill et al, 2013).Second, the courts clarified the definition of a supervisor chthonic Title VII of the Civil Rights number. They ruled that the title of supervisor is limited to those who have authority to deal a tangible employment action, meaning a significant change in employment status, such as hiring, firing, failing to promote, reassignment with significantly different responsibilities, or a decision causing a significant change in benefits. (Brill et al, 2013, p.4). Having the authority to designate daily work was not sufficient to link the supervisor to the company in regard to damages or actions tied to a law suit or dispute.However, the company is still liable for discriminatory actions of non-supervisory employees, curiously if it was notified and failed to take action to stop the behavior. This is significant considering that the majority of XYZs work force is contracted labor. As such it is imperative that XYZ maintain possible and proactive policies focused on preventing workplace discrimination and include a review of these policies prior to initiating any employment agreement. Labor LawConducting vexation in a union environment provides for another layer of complexity to company operations. XYZs leadership must be aware of and insure the basics of labor law and the collective agreements negotiated with the unions representing the workforce. Failure to operate within the parameters of the agreement will result in an unfair labor practice dispute, which affects the profit margins of the shareholders. Labor law, also governed by federal law, state law and judicial decisions, provides statutes that mediate the relationship between workers, employers, unions, and the government with the goal of equalizing the bargaining power between employers and employee ( court-ordered Information Institute LII, 2014). Collective labor laws focus on the rights of employees to unionize, collectively bargain, arbitrate, and strike, while individual labor law focuses on employment contracts between employers and employees (Caraway, 2009).Collective bargaining consists of negotiations between an employer and a programme of employees, typically represented by a union, to determine the conditions of employment and results in a collective agreement. The main body of law governing collective bargaining is the guinea pig Labor Relations dress (NLRA), which was passed in 1935 ( decision maker Concepts, 2011). It explicitly grants employees the right to collectively bargain and join trade unions. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is the entity that hears disputes between employers and employees that falls under the go under of the NLRA. The General Council, established by the NLRA, independently investigates and prosecutes cases against violators of the act before the NLRB (LII, 2014). some other aspect of labor law is the act of arbitration, a method of dispute resolution, which is commonly used as an alternative to litigation. A third political party arbiter is designated and has binding decision authority for the dispute. While the Federal arbitrament Act (FAA) is not applicable to employment contracts, the Uniform Arbitration Act of 1956 wasadopted by 49 states making arbitration enforceable under state and federal law (LII, 2014). There were two key decisions rendered by the Supreme Court that impact labor law, specifically arbitration clauses and variety action waivers in contracts (Brill et al, 2013). The Court held that the FAA directive to arbitrate and the arbitration clauses scripted into employment contracts take precedence over federal requirements to prosecute disputes through the courts. Additionally, this decision strengthens the ability to enforce class waivers written into contracts.While this appears prejudicial to employers, the Court balanced this decision with language further defining the rules meet class waivers. The court ruled that a class dispute (one brought by more than one plaintiff) can be settled if the primary plaintiff reaches settlement (Brill et al, 2013). In essence, if an XYZ employee files a dispute that is then applied to a class of employees, but a settlement is reached with the initial plaintiff, then the class action is terminated. Effectively, the Supreme Court ruling strengthens the companys position in regard to employment contracts and protects the company from overzealous claims. As such, arbitration agreements written into XYZ employment contracts should be carefully worded in order to take full advantage of the Courts decision. Laws specific to the twisting diligenceSeveral Department of Labor agencies administer programs that are specifically tie in to the construction industry. Specifically, the Occupational Safety and Health Agency (OSHA), the Wage and minute of arc Division, and the Office of Federal Contract Compliance all have undertake areas of emphasis that regulate XYZs primary line of business. OSHA administers all the occupational sentry duty and health standards for the industry. Given the risk to employees across XYZs work sites, OSHA regulations are critical to maintain and pose a significant constituent of cost to the company. While it is careful to conduct cost-benefit analysis on enacting safety and health policies, sacrificing employee welfare for the bottom line is a dangerous tendency and ca n result in unfair labor practices or reprehensible charges in the extreme.As XYZ competes and wins government construction contracts, there are several statutes that dictate certain conditions for doing business with the federal government that are administered by the USDOL Wage and HourDivision and the Office of Federal Contract Compliance. The Davis-Bacon Act requires that companies pay the prevailing wages and benefits of the region. Wage rates and other labor standards for employees are set by the McNamara-O-Hara Service Contract Act. The Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act requires materials and supply contractors to pay minimum wages and meet other labor standards. decision maker Order 11246 requires equal employment opportunity by all construction contractor firms. Lastly, the Copeland Acts anti-kickback section precludes any ruling of an employee to sacrifice any part of their required compensation (USDOL, 2014). These dictated standards all affect the cost of projects and, if not reputationed for in the bid and estimation process, will detrimentally impact the profit margins of the company as federal construction contracts are executed. Legal ConsiderationsAs XYZ begins the global expansion, it is important to realize that US labor laws are not binding in other countries in regard to foreign workers the host democracy laws are in defend (Executive Concepts, 2011, p.938). However, Congress expressly extended three US labor laws to expatriates working abroad for US firms. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), and Title VII all extend extraterritorially (Nie, 2012). While XYZs staff is well versed in US employment and labor law, foreign labor law is country dependent and it is prudent to conduct targeted research on the specific countrys legal environment considered for expansion. The transnational Labor Organization (ILO) has drafted 182 conventions and 190 recommendations in their effort to sta ndardize labor practices globally.Enforcement of these efforts is a country responsibility, and as such, there are still large gaps in adoption and application of the various standards (Executive Concepts, 2011). While it is enticing to reduce expenses by sacrificing some of the more costly US labor law practices while abroad, this practice could damage the companys sterling reputation negatively affecting all afterlife business ventures. As countries in Asia make the transition to democratic states, the entrance has been opened for repairments in collective and individual labor law, resulting in the humans of unions and the strengthening of workers rights.However, unions in developing counties depend upon governmentsupport and, as such, are politically focused keeping the gap between internationally acceptable collective labor practices and reality relatively large (Caraway, 2009). crossways Asia, individual labor rights are in a better position. There is a direct correlation between the wealth of a country and the enforced rights of its workers (Caraway, 2009). The most notable impact of this situation is the prevailing wage in each country and the impact on XYZs pecuniary position on projects. Using the field support offices at the in the lead locations to gather this information is crucial to accurate project estimation and contract bidding. As the company transitions from privately owned to publicly held, there are considerations to keep in mind. First, corporate governance will adjust to account for a larger base of stockholders.There is risk that the focus of the company will also shift to a more stockholder central view, discounting the requirements of the stakeholders (the employees) (Ecchia et al, 2012). This has the potential to lead to the creation of unfair labor practices as precession shifts from maintaining collective agreements to maintaining larger profit margins for the stockholders. Second, shareholders with large equities could pr essure the company to transfer portions of the workforce or reduce the employees benefits in order to improve profitability (Ecchia et al, 2012).As the union leadership monitors corporate business practices, this could lead to a revolt in the workforce and create an environment skilful for a strike thereby shutting down operations until resolved. some(prenominal) financial gains made by the reduction would be lost to stagnated operations, and as such should be managed carefully. ConclusionConducting business in the 21st blow is comparable to traversing the proverbial minefield. Legal missteps can cause insurmountable fines and legal fees as a company struggles to maintain good business practices. taking into custody employment and labor law is paramount to maintaining a strong and practicable company through transformation and expansion that produces profits for its shareholders.ReferencesBanks, K. (2011). Trade, Labor and International Governance An Inquiry into the Potential Effectiveness of the New International Labor Law. BerkeleyJournal Of Employment & Labor Law, 32(1), 45-142. barter Source Complete, add-on tot 67233021Barnum, Darold T. (1971) From Private to Public Relations in Urban Transit. Industrial & Labor Relations Review. 25(1), 95-115. Business Source Complete, Accession Number 4459252.Brill, Edward A., Fant, Laura M., and Baddish, Noa M. (2013) U.S. Supreme Court Wrap-Up Hot Topics in Labor and Employment Law. Employee Relations Law Journal. 39(3), 3-8. Business Source Complete, Accession Number 91640070Caraway, Tara L. (2009). Labor Rights in East Asia come out or Regress?. Journal of East Asian Studies, 9(2), 153-186. ProQuest Research Library, Accession Number 43381256Ecchia, Giulio, Gelter, Martin, and Pasotti, Piero. (2012) Corporate Governance, Corporate and Employment Law, and the Costs of Expropriation. Review of Law & Economics. 8(2), 457-486. DOI 10.1515/1555-5879.1357Katten, Betsy. (2013) U.S. Supreme Court to Address Labor and Employment Matters in 2013-2014 Term. Employee Relations Law Journal. 39(3), 48-51. Business Source Complete, Accession Number 91640075Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved from http//www.law.cornell.edu/wex/employmentNie, Carrie. (2012). Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Employment Laws clarification the Murky Conflicting Foreign Laws Defense. International Lawyer, 46(4), 1027-1043, OmniFile, Accession Number 90233860Northcentral University (2011). SKS 7000-Executive Concepts in Business Strategy. Custom edition. Retrieved from http//online.vitalsource.com//books/United States Department of Labor. (2014) Retrieved from http//www.dol.gov/opa/aboutdol/lawsprog.htm

Project Sustainability

Executive summary This module is not a detailed study of altogether(a) aspects of aimability. The goal of this module is a commonplace introduction into sustainability with a focus on the jar and the force-out on drops University of gray Queensland 2 MGT8021 mold sustainability way passim their sprightliness span. With this knowledge it should be possible for you to identify, take c be and cover the key restorations connect to definition and put upy of drifts that adhere to current concepts of sustainability, and how to architectural plan for the sustainment of those chucks without their sustenance span.The concept of sustainability is explored in terms of consumption of resources this potbelly contain to inputs that are conveyd to the depict system in order to deliver the honk outcomes, the processes by which the throw off is managed, and the nature of the outputs and their book for resources passim their expedient life span. A mountain chain of r un across sectors is dole outed in order to understand the different implications for each sector. Also, it essential be remembered that sustainability works inside of a closed loop system.In any of your deliberations intimately sustainability and labour perplexity you must remember the need to maintain a systems undertake. 1. 1 Sustainability roll in the hays in a project environment Sustainability is a term that evokes emotion in population about certain events or practices that extend to our long term survival of ourselves and all former(a) aspects of our planet. We need to be adequate to(p) to work with this emotion and focus on what is cardinal in an objective and ruminative way. By their very nature projects use and affect more resources finishedout the life of the project.Some of these resources are consumed or adversely affected by the project. For example, if on that point was a project to build a new major airport, in that respect would be many issues to witness, and the issue is fucking their resolution be preserve for the life of the airport? So, the question we need to ask when addressing the project is washbowl this project be sustained and for how long? The resources needful to sustain the project whitethorn be physical ( raw(a) resources) or they might simply be people (human resources). They could also accept local resources as well as imported resources.As a result there are many dimensions of sustainability to consider in a project environment. In 1983 the United Nations World re contributeation on Environment and Development (WCED) convened under Gro Harlem Brundtland a commission to address the growing concern about the accelerating deterioration of the human environment and indispensable resources and the consequences of that deterioration for economic and social festering. This became known as the Brundtland Commission. The Brundtland Commission delimitate sustainable development in its 1987 Report titled Our Common early asSustainable development is development that fancys the ineluctably of the present without conciliatory the ability of time to come day generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on Environment and Development 1987) A full copy of the report is uncommitted at http//www. un- rolls. net/wced-ocf. htm There are other definitions but this nonpareil is much use as the service line definition. The question that needs to be proactively addressed as we nerve at the resources required to construct and sustain a project, pull up stakes it be possible to sustain current and future resources? There are two aspects of sustainability to a project.In the design and construction phases of the project, resources of all kinds are consumed. Similarly, during its operational life there is a need to University of Southern Queensland MGT8021 Project sustainability commission 3 support resources so that the project can continue to operate profitably and efficient ly throughout its life. This through life provision of resources is also known as the sustainment phase. This term is used by Defence, but it is also being used in the wider commercial-grade areas. Blanchard (p. 350) provides a short description about sustaining system maintenance and adjudge functions.But, to sustain these functions requires a capability to provide the range and understanding of operate for the expected life of the project, including extensions. We often think of project life in terms of years, but, more than likely, it leave alone be decades or in the gaffe of dams, centuries. So, it is important in terms of the project to understand the life of the project as well as the sustaining events for it. When dealing with terms that can put on meanings depending upon the context of the situation as well as the effectiveness for emotion, it is important to have a sound base on which to use the word, and to be able to defend its usage.A search of the Oxford English Dictionary shows that sustainability first appeared in the mid-1960s in a form that is consistent with contemporary usage. Its usage in the context of sustainable development is first referenced in 1972. So, it is a relatively new word. The On-Line Oxford English Dictionary defines sustainable development as follows sustainable development n. (a) Econ. economic development which can be sustained in the long term (b) Ecol. utilization and development of natural resources in ways which are compatible with the maintenance of these resources, and with the conservation of the environment, for future generations.When developing a project it is incumbent to be able to arrange the current and future needs of the project and the ability of the providers of the future to meet those needs. To im dissipate out the sustainment work of maintenance leave require facilities and workshops of different sources. Although these are skilful designs, they are controlled by other positionors much( prenominal) as planning laws. Therefore, to start developing a definition for sustainability we need to start by considering the wider meaning of sustainable development. rendition activity 1. 1 Selected course session 1. is the Sustainable Development Guidelines for the Brisbane City Council which is a large local government body in Queensland Australia (Brisbane City Council 2005). This reading will provide more indepth detail about sustainable development as required by a local government bureau. On completion of this reading, carry out research to find out what your local government authority requires in terms of sustainable development. Compare the two approaches. Selected reading 1. 2 is a paper based on the work done by the Western Australia government on sustainability (Hartz-Karp & Newman 2006).Governments at all levels have an beguile in sustainable development, and this paper describes the issues in setting up a sustainability program from first principles. After com pleting these readings, weigh on the wider issues of sustainability and the sustaining outcomes depict by Blanchard. Can you identify the links between the different needs? University of Southern Queensland 4 MGT8021 Project sustainability worry 1. 2 Reporting sustainability inclined the diverse industries involved in projects, it would be strong to have relative and transparent report without round form of consistent process.This is achieved though the worldwide Reporting Initiative (GRI) (Global Reporting Initiative 2008). The GRI is the world de facto standard on sustainability coverage. This is achieved though a set of guidelines, currently known as the G3. The pop the question of these guidelines is for organizations to report their social, economic and environmental performance as routinely and with the uniform discipline as the financial reports. Many organizations routinely report on their sustainability credentials using the GRI G3 guidelines as the reporting standard.Reading activity 1. 2 lumber onto www. globalreporting. org and familiarize yourself with the general content of the site. Read the G3 Guidelines to appreciate the range and depth of issues addressed in sustainability reporting. As can be seen from the G3 Guidelines, reporting imposes a significant workload on an organization. Also, as this is an important communication document for the organization, some industries can expect to have their sustainability report critically evaluated by hosts inwardly the community. Reading activity 1. 3Log onto websites for large organizations such as those suggested on a lower floor and do internal searches for sustainability. Read these approaches and reports and see the extent to which this work is done. Now, if you were on a project within an organization such as this, with these reporting requirements, how would you approach this work? ? BHP Billiton at www. bhpbilliton. com ? Rio Tinto at www. riotinto. com ? Hydro Tasmania at www. hydro. com. au 1. 3 Sustainability impacts on management of projects Projects do not occur in a vacuum. They occur in a parentage environment that is closely monitored by many people.Many of these people have no direct involvement on the project, but they are interested in it because of the way it could affect their lifestyle or the natural environment in some way. Traditionally, we talk about the shareholders of a project. Increasingly, business is being forced to consider Triple make grow across line (TBL) reporting. In this paradigm, shareholders are replaced by stakeholders. From a project management approach it is now necessary to make sure that a broader range of stakeholders than just shareholders is clearly identified. It is now University of Southern QueenslandMGT8021 Project sustainability management 5 necessary to address the needs of stakeholders other than just shareholders, and these could be competing interests. Reading activity 1. 4 Read selected reading 1. 3 on sustainability in business (Dorf 2001). Consider the added requirements that emerging sustainability issues are placing on business. How do these issues arouse included in the overall budget for a project? As a project has a future life, it is not equi add-in decorous to reinvent the past. It is necessary that you be able to consider future issues.These may be unclear early in the life of a project but, you need to attempt to develop some idea of what sustainability issues will impact the future of the project. For example, a project might be a suburban rail system with an expected life of 40 years. How do you plan for appropriately trained people to maintain the system over the 40 years? One of the most critical aspects of through life project sustainability is obsolescence. The obsolescence could be in the form of parts, tools, facilities, or skills. At a higher(prenominal) level, obsolescence could be due to the technology or societal factors.An example is the destruction of societys acceptance of coal-fired power stations over the perish few years. Obsolescence management is an important aspect of project management sustainability and requires thoroughly skills in understanding technology from all aspects. You need to be able to anticipate the changes that are likely to happen. This anticipation will usually hope upon reading about relevant and complementary topics as well as seeking specialized opinions. The reference list includes book of ac look ats that provide approaches to future issues and problems.Even though it may seem unrealistic at this time, carefully crafted future thought process may position your project far ahead of anything else at that time. The book Cradle to Cradle (McDonough & Braumgart 2002) is a good example of addressing the challenges we need to address. In the classic through-life approach we talk about cradle to the grave to reflect that at the end of its useful life, equipment is disposed of in some way. In the cra dle to cradle concept the emphasis is on designing products and their promotion so that at the end of useful life they are regenerated, kind of than just discarded thoughtlessly.Remaining Useful Life (RUL) is one of the measures of performance that is often used to asses an asset. This is usually calculated on classical economic bases to get the most profitable life out of an asset. However, it may be that other criteria included in the G3 or Triple Bottom Line reporting are the strikers of the Remaining Useful Life of the project. When considering the sustainability impact on projects it is necessary to take a systems view and think proactively about the through-life sustainability issues of a project.Just because the issue seems unrealistic at this time, does not mean that it could not turn into a significant problem to resolve in the future. That is, significant management problems may be created for the future. University of Southern Queensland 6 MGT8021 Project sustainabil ity management 1. 4 Sustainability considerations for project sectors In a practical sense, sustainability issues are driven by environmental bear upon recitals. There are two broad considerations statutory and conscious.In some projects (such as mining) there is a statutory requirement to perform an environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and publish the findings in an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Dont get caught up in the actual terms, as there is little consensus on what constitutes an EIA or an EIA. In most cases, it will be decided by the circumstances of the project. On other projects there may not be any statutory requirement however, disposed the attitude of the community towards major projects, there may be a need for voluntary consideration of the issues addressed in Environmental Impact Statement requirements.It is not possible to identify all considerations for all sectors and table 1. 1 provides a summary of the key general considerations to be addressed. ge t across 1. 1 Environmental considerations by project sector Sector Considerations air power Air worthiness, passenger comfort, passenger safety, reputation Property Physical appearance, occupant safety, man safety Engineering Design strength, maintenance, maintenance support, integrity pedestal Service provision, public safety, extremely long life Software Media, programme skills, configuration, documentationQuite often there are numerous regulations that prescribe the issues to be considered for sustainability. This is achieved through environmental investigations into a particular project. The Wyaralong Dam is a new project to build a dam near Beaudesert, south of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia. This project requires an Environmental Impact Statement, the details of which are available at http//www. deedi. qld. gov. au/cg/wyaralong-dam-project. html Log onto the URL above and skim through the domain of considerations for such a project. Now, log onto the URL below for a fact sheet on environmental impact statements http//www. pa. qld. gov. au/register/p00320aa. pdf era at this site navigate to the various links to obtain a wider perspective of the considerations of the environmental impact statements. Focus on the first common chord elements of this fact sheet. University of Southern Queensland MGT8021 Project sustainability management 7 ? assess the potential adverse and beneficial environmental, economic, and social impacts of the project ? provide information to the public about the project and its impacts ? obtain input from the community and stakeholders about the project, its impacts and managementThese three elements address the core considerations that need to be addressed to licence the sustainability of the project. Although there are many elements listed in the fact sheet, it is realistic to put one across that if these three elements are not done correctly the project will find progress unvoiced for a number of reasons not associ ated with the technical aspects of the project. A significant issue that faces global organizations is to ensure that the sustainability considerations for projects that are effective in one jurisdiction are not illegal in another jurisdiction.Many larger organizations have Codes of Practice or Codes of Conduct to go steady an independent legal authority that the integrity of their processes is compliant. Assuring project sustainability in your sector may fall into this realm of compliance reporting. You will need to find out to ensure that this matter is addressed otherwise it poses a significant legal and financial risk to the organization. That is, how do the governance responsibilities and accountabilities drive the requirements for sustainability considerations in your sector?To consolidate your understanding of sustainability considerations you should explore the statutory and voluntary considerations for project sustainability in your local area. 1. 5 Draft a sustainability illustration for a project A lay is the description of reality. However, as many different people will have a diverse science of reality, it is often difficult in a consensus environment developing a feigning. The risk adverse approach is to adopt a stumper authentic by another group and adapt or adopt it for the groups purpose. Sometimes this will work and sometimes it will not.Even with these difficulties it is tranquillise beneficial to consider the elements of a sustainability model. Reading activity 1. 5 Selected reading 1. 4 is a report on a national sustainability initiative. Sustainability models can take many forms and have different starting points, and an example of this is the Australian National Sustainability Initiative (ANSI) (Australian National Biocentre Inc. 2004). Look at the cover photo. It shows the larboard between urban and un-developed land, with a creek as the boundary. If you look at the creek you will notice that it is a series of water holes.Now, count how many swimming pools are located in the adjoining mystic residences. Can our water courses sustain private swimming pools? Read through this initiative and form your own views about whether this document offers a baseline as a suitable model for sustainability? If it does how and why if it does not how and why not? University of Southern Queensland 8 MGT8021 Project sustainability management The basic model for sustainability is based on the balance between economics, ecology and society. Dorf (2001) paragraph 2. 3 addresses this triple bottom line approach. figure 1. 1 provides an approach to a general model for sustainability. Figure 1. 1 The interdependence of economics, ecology and society (Source Dorf 2001, p. 43) In this model the three elements of triple bottom line accounting are divided into four main groups of corporation, cultural valuates, community, and person. These groups are further subdivided into xii components to be considered. In your current or fu ture experience you will come across models with more than 100 components. Dorf (2001, p. 51) lists ten principles of sustainable business practices.There practices were developed by the Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economics (CERES). In these examples from Dorf we see approaches to models based on a relatively few components. In drafting a model it is suggested that you work with 1012 components to remark it understandable. If there are too many components it will be difficult to maintain comprehension of what is being modeled and this will make it difficult to communicate your model. Key aspects will get lost in the minutia of the detail. The cardinal points proposed in jut1. are analogous to the standard twelve points of the compass, and this makes it easy to present to a wider audience. Other approaches to a model include the G3 reporting modeling (Global Reporting Initiative 2008). The G3 describes how sustainability should be reported and this makes it a model in its own right. But this is a very detailed approach and is plausibly better approached through a more general higher model such as in Figure 1. 1. When drafting a sustainability model it is necessary to collect as many approaches to a model as is possible and to make them as inclusive as possible.The key issue is to be able to find the balance for your project that is accepted by the wider stakeholders, and does not trivialize important issues. This might mean that you have to research many aspects of the project, other than its technical components in order to draft a good model. In the supplementary reading list are some(prenominal) titles that provide a range of views to consider when developing project management strategies and plans. University of Southern Queensland MGT8021 Project sustainability management 9 In this module we look at sustainability as a separate issue.However, it must be seen as part of the choice management system of an organization. ISO9000 is a se t of standards for quality management maintained by the International Organization for Standardization , and proposes figure 2. 1 as a model for the delivery of quality within an organization. Sustainability is part of the quality system and should not be treated independently from it or exclude it. In this context, the quality system should also include project management standards such as those in the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) (Project Management Institute 2004).Thus, the key drivers in the project are addressed through the one paradigm of quality. Figure 1. 2 Model of a process-based quality management system (Source ISO9000 2006, p. 3) In the quality diagram shown in figure 1. 2, the various stakeholders are clearly identified as input customers who are imposing requirements on the system. In the product realization phase, (the project) the requirements come to life and treated as part of the continuously improving aspects of the quality managemen t systems. For those who use Six Sigma processes in their organization, the same link is made.A model for sustainability should not be seen as a separate model, but inclusive of and derived for and from the quality management system. All of the sustainability issues and considerations that we have addressed can be addressed within the quality management system model. This is probably the most powerful model to represent the trueness of the organization to sustainability. Conclusions Projects are an important mechanism to deliver the goods and services of all types that we require for living. This also includes the delivery of goods and services in the aid of others or natural disasters. University of Southern Queensland 10 MGT8021 Project sustainability management Projects do not exist in a vacuum and impact on all aspects of society, economy and resources. This is represented by the triple bottom line approach to accounting, and this puts projects beyond the classic economic theo ry decision processes. There is change magnitude pressure on organizations to deliver projects that are more than simply good profit to the shareholders. The current and increasing requirement emphasizes the need to ensure that the project also brings benefits to society as a whole.To be able to consider this wider systems approach, it is necessary to proactively adopt an approach to projects that places correct emphasis on components that affect the sustainability of the project. These components could be as economically obtuse as placing high value on areas of biodiversity as the more measurable of higher levels of Earnings in advance Interest and Taxes (EBIT). Being able to successfully navigate through sustainability issues is an increasingly important skill of the project manager.

The comparison of Ben Jonson`s The Alchemist

The comparison of two plays studied in the second semester of the BA position Studies degree This essay is difference to scent at two plays studied in the second semester of the BA English studies degree- Ben Jonson s The Alchemist and John Webster s The Duchess of Malfl. The essay is going to look at the context of two of these plays, considering that it has had influence on the patch of the plays. at that place bequeath be a brief prcis of the contents of plays given to be able to discuss differences and similarities of some(prenominal) plays and try to find backgrounds for them.The chaff functions in twain plays will besides be revealed in this essay. The essay is going to look at satire functions trough opposite themes that atomic number 18 revealed in both plays such as greed, gender, sexuality, social disintegration and new(prenominal)s. Looking at these themes will again refer to the context of the plays to show how crucial it was at the snip when authors crea ted their works and what role does it play nowadays when audience shorten out under ones skin acquainted with these plays. When look at any work of literature, the context of the quantify terminus, when this piece of work had been created is actually important.It tells the reader what was happening at the clipping and gives him the chance to comprehend how it ffected the work of authors. both(prenominal) of discussed plays had been created in the seventeenth ascorbic acid which is the early modern period of Europe, therefore these plays become specific differences from the plays that had been created earlier. There ar significances of modern literature distinguishable in these plays. Seventeenth degree centigrade was the zenith of Renaissance and it has been reflected in both plays. There is Italian influence ascertained in these plays.It has affected the spoken language of texts, the description of desextings, character names and other components of plays. References of Italy, Italian and Latin languages are utilise in texts. An obvious modelling is the play The Duchess of Malfl which is situated in Italy, uses Italian names for characters and includes the Italian language in the text. A number of important critical contri howeverions over the furthest decade treat Websters play as a post-Reformation phenomenon written during a more settled period of the established Anglcan Church.However, English Protestantism still comprise its identity in relation to the faith it had renounced, namely Catolicism, whose home was Italy where Webster sets The Duchess (Lucky 77). When looking at the context of the cadence, the economic and political conditions in he democracy are very important as well. The time when these two plays had been created was Jacobean England revealing a particular condition of the country. Satire on different themes in plays can be get windn as a response to this condition. A twofold political crisis was looming. The financial needs of the overstep, as inflation scoured the yield of crown lands, had increasingly through the sixteenth century to be met by parliament, and under James I the relationship between crown and parliament was beginning to manitest the serious tensions that were to result in the civil war Conson 9). Authors of the time were worried roughly the attitude in the country and therefore they discussed issues related to important events in their works.Another reason why they wanted to talk about them was to inform lot about what is happening in the country. As situation seemed not very comfortable for English people, authors decided to use satire to let the audience see the happening from aside. Sarcasm was also used to let the audience relax from usual stressful life and have a bit of laugh whilst enjoying the play, at the alike time grounds that it reveals the situation of Jacobean England. Religious position of the country plays a self-aggrandising role as well. England was an offici wholey Protestant country, the citizens of which were, by law, members of the Church of England. The Elizabethan religious settlement had, nevertheless, compromised on certain key issues of reform in order to accommodate those who might otherwise have been reluctant to accede the new religion, and also to forestall reprisals by the Catholic powers of Europe Conson 9). As changes in the religious condition of England were going on, the Religion was a very earthy theme in Jacobean plays. both(prenominal) of discussed plays include the theme of Religion. All of these on-going events and positions affected plays at the time because these are the things which interest the audience and makes plays popular. nothing is more important for people than what is going on around them in their lives, therefore the context of the literature work is very important. The content of both plays is quite different but there can be themes fix which are discussed in both plays. This again refe rs to the context of the time, because themes of plays completely account on it.The Alchemist is a story about three of the play s central characters, Face, Subtle and Dorothy, who have entered into a contract by which they carry to work together for their mutual benefit- achieving wealthiness for all of them. The scene is set for a comedy of fraudulent characters and their potential victims. As the plot develops the common chord struggle to work together because they cannot control each of their desires. The trio s unscrupulous activities stop when Lovewit, the master of the house unexpectedly comes back.The threesome therefore turn upon each other and the most accomplished trickster of all wins at the end. This is a great comedy satirising greed in Jacobean society. The comedy gives releasing ending by showing that the biggest fraudster of all wins. This is caustic remark on what happens in the real life. The Duchess of Malfl is a story of the widowed Duchess of Malfl who in secret marries her steward Antonio, despite the opposition of her brothers, Duke Ferdinand and the Cardinal.Bosola, a malcontent courtier, is hired by the brothers to discover the secret husband s identity, but the Duchess bears three children without anyone discerning who the father is. Later, the Duchess is imprisoned and eventually murdered, together with her maidservant Cariola and two of her children. Bosola, who has turned against the brothers, then kills the Ferdinand. The Duchess and the eldest child of Antonio survive and re main(prenominal) thinking about his maternal inheritance. This play is a study of revenge, unlike the comic plot of The Alchemist this is a tragic story with characters dying at the end.It seems like both of these plays are very different but looking closer, it appears that there are similarities in them. Both of the plays reveal present events of the time and both of them roast these events, they show how England as a country was seen at the time. The most solid difference etween these two plays is the genre, one ot them is a comedy, the other- tragedy, but not fetching that into account, the faceter can see that both authors have essay to do by the audience in the same way, satirising the most common events of their lives in their plays.The reason of different plots of the plays is different standpoints of the authors, but the key ideas are displayed at the same way in both plays. Satire works in both of the plays through different themes. Authors use sarcasm to make plays more fire and exciting, usually satirising domestic themes. One of the most common themes satirised in Jacobean plays was the greed. The financial situation in the country was unstable therefore everyone tried to get something better for themselves to provide their material status.People were ready to do everything to get something to hold on to and this was very often satirised in the plays. The Alchemist is a owing(p) example of satirised greed i n the play. The main aim of all the main characters of the play is to obtain infinite treasure and they are willing to foreshorten any obligations to reach their aim. Greed is also noticeable in The Duchess of Malfl, in characters Ferdinand and the Cardinal, because their action is the result of their greed when they confiscate the Duchess s property and get her banished from the state of Ancona.This play shows the result of the greed when one of the brothers dies at the end, proving that plays not only satirise events but also enlightens viewers and teaches them to not have the same mistakes as characters in the plays do. Another important theme satirised in The Duchess of Malfl is the status of women and the role of gender in the society. Woman in that period of the time was upposed to be submissive and calm, however, the Duchess went against her brother s wishes and remarried, and this is the reason of the tragedy which would not happen if the Duchess would act like she was sup posed to.The play shows that women at the time had no right to have their own point of view and act without coordinating with men it also shows what happened if someone went against the assumed rules. Both of the plays satirises the social class system in the Jacobean England. There are members of all social classes shown in the plays revealing the ndications of the social status. Sexuality is also satirised in plays, for example the character of Sir Epicure Mammon in The Alchemist who dreams of drinking the philosophers stone of youth and enjoying fantastic sexual conquests.All of these satirised themes show what worried authors and the audience at the time. Looking at these plays nowadays helps the learner to understand the Jacobean time period in the history of England and see what affected plays at that time. in a flash the reader can also call together the history of England and nowadays, see what issues had affected English literature and ow it has formed. Looking at two play s from the Jacobean time period has shown that the context of the time has had the biggest influence on the playwrights and their work.Even though Jonson and Webster have created absolutely different plays, they seem to reveal the same ideas. Both of the plays satirise themes that had been important at the time and are still important nowadays. Authors used sarcasm to let the audience enjoy the play but also to educate viewers about the situation in the country. Playwrights revealed very important matters in their plays like social tatuses, roles of gender and sexuality, the greediness of people and others and this shows that the audience gets both, emotional and intellectual release when reading or ceremony these plays.

How Does Golding Present Simon in Lord of the Flies-What Is His Role? Essay

William Goldings Lord of the flies, portrays a group of boys who pass themselves stranded on a desert is devour in a qabalistic battle between civilisation and primitive savagery. One of the boys portrayed, Simon, a boy who is kind and physic tout ensembley fragile articulatees a dimer knowledge of the problems on the island that the some other boys are unaware of. There are many differing viewpoints on his subr fall kayoedine in the novel. One of these is that he is a biblical parallel Simon portrays a saintly figure, and shows many of the qualities demonstrated by rescuer Christ. He demonstrates a strong connection with nature throughout, and also is shown to be a constitution of strong goodwill and kindness.One of the reasons Simon is often theme of as a biblical parallel to Jesus Christ is because of his encounter with The living creature, which shows a strong resemblance to Jesus 40 days in the desert, in which he encountered the Devil and was tempted by him to leave his mission. In Lord of the travel, Simon meets the fauna during an epileptic fit. His mind, or the Beast tells him We are going to keep back fun on this islandso dont try it on. Simon is being told that he moldiness not tell the others what he knows, that they essential fork over fun and Simon must not interfere, moreover he must unspoilt run off and play. The name Lord of the go is a translation of a word apprehension to mean a powerful demon, or the devil himself. This shows that Simon may have represented Jesus in the novel.Simons finis also shows resemblance to that of Jesus, which shows us that Simon may be Christs re unveiling in the novel. Simon was crying out something of a dead(p) man on a hill. This imagery is displayed just before Simon is merciless(prenominal)ly slaughtered by the other boys, a direct tie to the image of Jesus crucifixion on the top of a hill. aft(prenominal) Christ was killed, it was said that There was darkness over all the landand the earth did quake, and the rocks rent. These supernatural biblical descriptions recount the solar eclipse and the temblor which took line after Jesus finish. This relates to the death of Simon The clouds undetermineded and let nap the rain like a waterfall, signifying his death. When Jesus was crucified, he died to bear mankind. This relates to Simon confronting the figure on the mountaintop. When he died the parachute took the figure forwardand bumped it out to sea.When Simon died, the dead air pilot was finallyreleased from his purgatorial put in on the island, and as Jesus died and salvaged mankind, Simon died and exorcised the reason who lingered between life and death, and between heaven and hell. This shows us that Simon had many strong parallels with Jesus and may have been his biblical parallel in the novel. Simon is a representation of hope and honor on the island, and has a strong and vital connection with nature. In the novel, Simon has a special place in the fore st where he can go and sit wholly, at unrivaled with his surroundings. The sunlight pelted down and the thatterflies danced. This description indicates that this place where Simon often resides is almost paradisiacal, and Simon is able to appreciate the true peach of the island its beauty is not thwarted by his presence, as it is with the other boys. Simon has a strong connection with the island and with nature itself. Simon is able to go out the true beauty in the things that others cannot. The creepers, which had once hindered the boys and were previously referred to as snake-like, aid him and form a large mat.This shows his unity with nature. When Simon ventures into the forest the white candle buds open themselves up, which and returned to peaceful place that he came from. Simon is connected with nature throughout the novel, scarce is only truly at one with it when he dies. The body of the dead airman being pulled out to sea could also symbolise Simons soul being finally r eleased from the confines of life and returning to nature where it belongs. Simons true sense of pure goodwill is first demonstrated in his expressed concern for the more vulnerable boys. He help the littluns to claim fruit, and pulled off the choicest from up in the foliage, passed them back down to the endless, outstretched custody. He also helps Piggy to get his glasses back when tinkers damn has knocked them off, showing that he does not discriminate against Piggy because he is unalike but chooses to help him, even if this may cause him to suffer in the future.These may indicate that Simon, though other characters may be thought of as good and kind, such as Piggy or Ralph, Simon shows no flaws at all. Simon possesses a deep knowledge and understanding about the faithfulness of the island and the beast of which the other boys know not. He also seems to posses many confidential qualities. He is the first to understand truly that the beast is not a physical or material being, but something that lives within the boys. Unlike piggy or Ralph, who are able to appreciate adult knowledge and understanding, Simon possessesthe world power to see the darker side of knowledge. For Simon, the eyes of the Pigs head on the stick are dim with the infinite cynicism of adult life, heart that adults believe nothing is ideal, therefore his realisation in itself is cynical the beast lives within the children, making Simon distrust the human nature. He knows the truth but is unable to get it across to the other boys Simon became inarticulate in his front to express mankinds essential illness. Simon understands the truth base the beast- that the beast itself thrives within the boys, is not something living that can be hunted, but is mankinds essential illness, the evil that lurks within all men, waiting to be released.The fact that Simon is inarticulate shows that he is unable to express the truth to the others, and even if he had, the boys would not have listened or ca red. His death relates to the elements- his knowledge is elemental . Golding shows us the significance of his death by alter the focus from the movements of Simons body to the movements of the sun, the moon and the stars, inciting that Simons knowledge was as essential as the elements themselves. However, even though he is portrayed as a weak character right from the beginning, Simon is much braver than he seems he is the one who climbs the mountain to encounter the beast, at which he discovers that the beast is not material. Simon possesses a number of cloak-and-dagger qualities, such as his execrable abilities. Simon prophesizes to Ralph youll get back to where you came from, almost indicating that he may not. Simon foresees his own death and predicts that Ralph will return home.Another way in which Simons mystical qualities are shown is when he asks the other boys rhetorical questions which require much thought to answer, such as what is the dirtiest thing there is? All of the se indicate that Simon is a mystic and possesses a much deeper and darker knowledge than the other boys. To conclude, Goldings presentation of Simon shows us his biblical parallel with Jesus and his significant unity with nature, which lets Simon see the true beauty of the island where others cannot, indicating that it is not the island that is against them but that the boys are against the island, truly alter around destruction and savagery.He represents Hope and bravery and has a deep and perhaps dark knowledge, which enables him to perceive the truth much more clearly than the other boys. He also has a flawless good will. This shows us that Simons true role in the novel was that he alonehad the power to save the boys from themselves, for he alone had the knowledge of the beasts true nature. Simon was killed because of this, however he was killed as the beast yet it is ironic that he said the beast was only us. Simon was the least beast-like, which makes one wonder whether him being less savage makes him more or less human.